Utskrift från Malmö högskola - mah.se
Utskrift från Malmö högskola - mah.se
Now showing items 1-20 of 59
| On the adsorption behaviour of saliva and purified salivary proteins ... |
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Lindh, Liselott : Swedish Dental Association Swedish dental journal, Supplement;152 (2002) |
DOCTORAL THESIS |
| English abstract: | Salivary proteinaceous substances are known to play important roles in the formation of the salivary pellicle. The aim of this study was to investigate some aspects of the interfacial behaviour of selected purified salivary proteins, as well as human saliva secretions, using time resolved in situ ellipsometry. Hydrophobic methylated silica and hydrophilic pure silica were used as test substrates. Experiments were performed in vitro, preferentially in the low concentration range, with samples of fresh human whole resting saliva, parotid resting saliva and submandibular/sublingual resting saliva. The protein fractions investigated were human MUC5B, PRP-1, PRP-3 and statherin, as well as bovine submaxillary mucin (BSM). The results show that the adsorbed amount of material was found to be strongly related to the protein concentration in the range investigated for both pure proteins and secretions. Generally, for both pure proteins and secretions, higher amount of material was adsorbed on hydrophobic surfaces compared to hydrophilic ones. Comparison of the observed adsorption and calculated diffusion rates suggest initial adsorption of low molecular weight proteins/peptides. On hydrophilic surfaces the data indicate adsorption of proteins with diffusion rates corresponding to those of statherin, PRP-3 and PRP-1. MUC5B adsorbs in a later stage from both HWS and the individual secretions, due to its lower diffusion rate. On hydrophobic surfaces, adsorption rates were found to be faster than those calculated for any of the proteins, and thus smaller proteins/peptides appear to be involved. The similar adsorption rates and amounts of PRP-1 and parotid saliva (HPS) on hydrophilic surfaces may suggest that large aPRPs accounts for a substantial portion of the film forming capacity by HPS. Effects of added electrolyte could be explained by general screening effects and specific Ca2+ binding to serine phosphates in aqueous solutions, but were complex in phosphate buffer. Inter-individual differences in adsorbed amounts from HWS, HPS and HSMSLS were not found to be statistically significant. |
| Swedish abstract: | Den salivfilm som bildas genom selektiv proteinadsorption på ytor i munhålan har stor profylaktisk betydelse genom sin skyddande funktion och befrämjar därigenom oral hälsa. Några av de adsorberade komponenterna har smörjande funktion (t ex muciner, sura prolinrika proteiner (PRP) och statherin), som är viktig bl a för att förhindra slitage mellan tandytor vid tuggning och hos gnisslare. Vissa salivproteiner upprätthåller kalciumjämvikten på emaljytan (bl a statherin och PRP), vilket är viktigt för att undvika demineralisering av ytan samt för remineralisering av initiala kariesangrepp. Dessutom har bl a PRP, statherin och muciner betydelse för styrningen av mikrofloran på olika sätt, viktigt ur såväl kariologisk som parodontologisk synvinkel. Den initiala salivfilmen är alltså av stor betydelse för den vidare utvecklingen av plack. Det är därför väsentligt att öka förståelsen för de grundläggande processerna vid uppbyggnad av denna samt för att kunna utveckla nya metoder avseende bl a plackkontroll. Denna avhandling omfattar främst studier kring den initiala adsorptionen av salivproteiner såsom MUC5B (mucin), PRP-1, PRP-3 och statherin, samt helsaliv och saliv från de stora spottkörtlarna, till fasta ytor med väldefinierade kemiska ytegenskaper. Den använda tekniken för adsorptionsstudier har framför allt varit ellipsometri, en teknik som möjliggör analys av adsorption in situ och utan att störa systemet. Vi har funnit att det finns ett starkt koncentrationsberoende. Generellt sett har salivproteiner högre bindningsförmåga till hydrofoba ytor. Adsorptionen visar sig vara diffusionskontrollerad under de första minuterna (gäller under dessa experimentella betingelser) för de undersökta salivproteinerna vid låga koncentrationer. På hydrofila ytor, indikerar observationer av adsorptionshastigheten att adsorptionen, av proteiner från undersökta salivsekretioner, sker med hastigheter motsvarande de hos statherin, PRP-3 och PRP-1. På hydrofoba ytor förefaller det emellertid vara komponenter med lägre molekylvikt (snabbare diffusion) som adsorberar initialt. Resultaten indikerar vidare att i saliven från munbottenkörtlarna är andra komponenter än mucinet MUC5B viktiga vid den initiala uppbyggnaden av filmen. I saliven från öronspottkörteln förefaller PRP-1 vara en betydande komponent vid den initiala filmbildningen. Inga statistiska skillnader fanns mellan individerna avseende den adsorberade mängden från de respektive salivsekretionerna. |
abstract PhD.pdf
(9.389Kb)
| On salivary interactions with the antiplaque agents delmopinol and ch... | |
| Treitas-Fernandes, Liana Bastos (2003) |
DOCTORAL THESIS |
| English abstract: | Several chemical agents have been used to aid in the removal of dental plaque and to prevent or decrease the occurrence of oral diseases, Defining the interactions of chemical agents and saliva contributes to a better understanding of the mechanisms involved in chemical plaque control. The aim of this thesis was to investigate the salivary interactions between two antiplaque agents and saliva and microorganisms at defined solid/liquid and air liquid interfaces. The plaque control agents used in this study were delmopinol and chlorhexidine in varying concentrations. Sample of polled whole saliva collected from 16 subjects were used for adsorption experiments to solid surfaces. Whole saliva from one individual was used to study the adsorption of chemical agents to bacterial cell walls. Whole saliva samples from five subjects were used to study the binding or precipitation of salivary components by the antiplaque agents in solution. The interactions between the chemical antiplaque agents and the salivary components were investigated with ellipsometry, tensitometry, electrophoresis, video-densitometry, electrobloting, and radiolabeling. The results indicate that chlorhexidine is a surface active compound that has the capability to adsorb onto bare solid surfaces of well-defined chemical characteristics and onto surfaces preconditioned with salivary films. Chlorhexidine and delmopinol were shown to have binding sites for salivary proteins and to induce precipitation of salivary proteins. Delmopinol appears to precipitate more high molecular weight salivary proteins than chlorhexidine. It was also demonstrated that the composition of saliva as well as the concentration of chlorhexidine or delmopinol play a role in the amount of salivary proteins precipitated. In addition, chlorhexidine and delmopinol were round to bind to the salivary films coating the tested bacteria. The substantivities of both agents are related to their binding capabilities to salivary proteins. Thus, interactions between chemical agents and salivary components influence the availability of salivary components to the biofilms. |
| Assessing caries risk : using the cariogram model | |
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Hänsel Petersson, Gunnel
Swedish dental journal, Supplement;158 (2003) |
DOCTORAL THESIS |
| Temporomandibular disorders in adolescents. Epidemiological and metho... | |
| Wahlund, Kerstin (2003) |
DOCTORAL THESIS |
| English abstract: | The aim of the present thesis was to investigate different aspects of temporomandibular disorders (TMD) and pain such as prevalence, diagnostics, and treatment among adolescents. The reliability of a questionnaire and the clinical examination and diagnoses according to the Research Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders (RDC/TMD) were assessed. Overall, we found it possible to assess and diagnose TMD in adolescents in a reliable way. The prevalence of TMD pain, gender differences, and the need for treatment were investigated among 864 adolescents from a Public Dental Service clinic. Seven percent of the subjects received a pain diagnosis according to the RDCITMD, and the prevalence was higher among girls than boys. More subjects with TMD pain reported school absence and analgesic consumption compared to controls. Approximately every second subject who reported TMD pain also perceived a need for treatment. In an evaluation of psychosocial and dental factors, the following were found to play an important role in adolescents with TMD: stress, somatic complaints, and emotional problems. Three treatment methods were compared in a randomized controlled trial: brief information only, brief information and occlusal appliance, and brief information and relaxation therapy. In the brief information and occlusal appliance group, 60% — significantly more than in the other two groups — experienced a reduction of at least 50% in TMD pain. The influence of somatic and emotional stimuli was evaluated, and we found that adolescents with TMD pain were significantly more sensitive to not only aversive somatic but also pleasant somatic stimuli compared with healthy controls. The results suggest that not only nociceptive but also cognitive processes are implicated in chronic pain states in young TMD subjects. In conclusion, TMD pain is more common in girls than in boys and affects daily life. TMD pain in adolescents can best be improved by traditional treatment with occlusal appliance combined with brief information. |
| Papillon-Lefèvre Syndrome Associations to Clinical and Labora-tory Fa... | |
| Lundgren, Ted (2003) |
DOCTORAL THESIS |
| English abstract: | The aim of this thesis was to elucidate factors possibly contributing to the rapidly progressing periodontitis in a group of Papillon-Lefèvre syndrome (PLS) patients and to evaluate a combined mechanical and antimicrobial treatment model in these patients. The total patient sample consisted of 20 individuals referred to King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre in Saudi Arabia for treatment of PLS. Saliva samples were obtained from 16 patients with the diagnosis of PLS. A control group was selected from healthy siblings and healthy children and young adults from Saudi Arabia. Both the unstimulated and the stimulated whole saliva secretion rates were significantly lower in PLS-patients compared to control individuals (p<0.01 and p< 0.05). The buffer capacity was also significantly lower (p<0.01), whereas IgA and lactoferrin concentrations were significantly higher (p<0.01) in the PLS-group. A significantly lower output was detected for peroxidase when calculating the amount or activity per time among the PLS-patients compared to controls. Subgingival microbial samples were obtained from 36 sites in 12 PLS patients in order to assess the occurrence of 18 different microbial species. Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans and P. gingivalis were only infrequently encountered in high levels in the subgingival samples whereas B. forsythus, T.denticola, P. intermedia and C. rectus reached high levels (≥10 6cells) in more then 50% of all patients. The results of the study indicate that there is no specific profile of the subgingival microflora in PLS patients. Blood samples were obtained from all 20 PLS individuals and from an equal number of healthy volunteers. Natural Killer cells (NK cells) from the PLS subjects exhibited significantly reduced cytotoxicity against K562 cells compared to controls (p<0.0001). NK cell cytotoxicity was severely depressed and was the only finding that was consistent among all PLS subjects. To evaluate the effect of retinoid treatment on the periodontal health nine participants that had received systemic retinoid medication for different length of time were compared to nine PLS patients with no such medication. The clinical data revealed no obvious difference in periodontal conditions between the retinoid-medication-group and the non-medication-group. Nine dentate PLS patients were subjected to an intensive mechanical and antimicrobial treatment regimen. Extractions were performed of teeth considered untreatable and periodontal treatment was initiated with non-surgical treatment during 6 weeks.The patients were prescribed to use amoxicillin (250 mg twice/day) and metronidazole (250-500 mg three times/day). After the initial 6-week treatment period, all patients were scheduled for maintenance care every 3 months. In addition to this mechanical maintenance treatment, tetracycline (250 mg/day) was prescribed and used continuously for 1.5 years. For teeth erupting during the 3-year observation period no lesion ≥6 mm had developed in 5 patients. In 3 patients demonstrating an unsuccessful treatment result the periodontal disease progressed on existing teeth and developed on several teeth erupting during the observation period. The 5 patients presenting an excellent or good treatment result all complied with the antibiotic treatment. It was concluded that a combined mechanical and antimicrobial periodontal treatment may lead to preservation of a periodontally healthy and functional dentition over several years. |
| Sleep Apnoea in Patients with Stable Congestive Heart Failure - An In... | |
| Eskafi, Mahmoud : Malmö : Malmö university (2004) |
DOCTORAL THESIS |
| English abstract: | In patients with congestive heart failure (CHF), sleep disordered breathing (SDB)--including obstructive and central sleep apnoea as well as periodic breathing--is a common condition and is believed to increase the risk of mortality. Treatment of SDB is considered important in the management of CHF. Improvements in SDB have a positive effect on cardiac output, measured with left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF); on neurohormonal activity, measured as brain natriuretic peptide (BNP); and on the quality of life. Continuous positive airway pressure has been the traditional method used to treat SDB in patients with CHF, but compliance and tolerability are poor. A mandibular advancement device (MAD) is a dental device recommended for the treatment of sleep apnoea, but the method has never been evaluated in patients with CHF. The aims of the present studies were to evaluate the practical use of the MAD for the treatment of SDB in patients with CHF and to test the hypothesis that this intervention increases the dimensions of the pharyngeal airway (PAW), reduces SDB and BNP, and improves LVEF and the quality of life. Patients with mild to moderate CHF and SDB were evaluated using a portable polysomnographic device, lateral radiographs, cardiological and odontological examinations, and quality of life measures prior to and following intervention with an custom-made MAD. At the short-term follow-up 4-6 weeks after habituation with the MAD, the severity of SDB according to the apnoea-hypopnoea index had decreased from 25.1 +/- 9.4 (mean +/- SD) to 14.7 +/- 9.7 (p = 0.003). An increase in the inferior region of the PAW (7 +/- 5 mm) was observed on radiographs (p = 0.0001). However, no correlation between the effect of the MAD on the dimensions of the PAW and its effect on SDB was found. At the 6-month follow-up, the sleep apnoea-related symptoms had decreased by 31% (p = 0.003). Quality of life remained stable. BNP were reduced from 195.8 +/- 180.5 pg/ml to 148.1 +/- 139.9 pg/ml (p = 0.035). LVEF, however, remained unchanged. At the 12-month follow-up, 64 % of the patients were still using the MAD. Three patients withdrew from the study because of discomfort with the MAD. In most patients, MAD treatment had no severe side effect on the signs or symptoms of temporomandibular disorders. However, dental complications were observed. In conclusion, in patients with stable CHF who are experiencing problems with SDB, MAD intervention appears to reduce the severity of SDB, sleep apnoea-related symptoms, and neurohormonal activity. A lower tendency for PAW collapse may explain the effect observed on SDB. The reduction in plasma BNP may indicate decreased cardiac strain as a result of treatment of SDB. The 5-year survival rate, measured from the start of MAD intervention, was higher in the group that used a MAD than in the group that did not use a MAD (p = 0.036). No severe side effects on the stomatognathic system were observed during the intervention, and most patients--edentulous included--tolerated the treatment well. Impaired oral health, including reduced dentition and edentulousness, seemed to limit the use of the MAD in this group of elderly patients, both because of technical difficulties and because of the increased risk of dental complications. However, because the treatment of SDB is important in the management of CHF, the MAD intervention seems to be a valuable method in the treatment arsenal of SDB. |
| Factors affecting neurosensory disturbances after mandibular osteotom... |
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| Al-Bishri, Awwad : Centre for Oral Health Sciences, Malmo University (2004) |
DOCTORAL THESIS |
| English abstract: | Neurosensory disturbance (NSD) is a common complication to surgical corrections of mandibular deformities particularly when the sagittal split technique is used. With this technique the inferior alveolar nerve can be directly injured during surgery or damaged when trapped between the two bone segments. The incidence of sensory disturbance after sagittal split osteotomy varies considerably between centres. As an alternative to sagittal split osteotomy (SSO) the intra-oral vertical ramus osteotomy (IVRO) can be used to correct mandibular prognathism. The main advantage with this technique is the low incidence of nerve damage, which outweighs a period of postoperative intermaxillary fixation. The clinical studies were carried out to evaluate neurosensory disturbance with regard to kind of surgical procedure, direction of mandibular movement during surgery, the additional procedure of genioplasty, age, gender and the perioperative use of steroids. Whereas mandibular movement, additional genioplasty or gender did not affect the incidence, age and the perioperative use of steroids seemed to be factors to consider. As expected the incidence of NSD was lower with the use of IVRO than SSO. Also with the latter NSD was comparatively low, when steroids were given perioperatively. The observation that the introduction of the use of perioperatively administered steroids coincided with the decrease in the incidence of impaired sensibility prompted experimental studies to elucidate the role of the steroids. These showed that steroids facilitated nerve healing as reflected in functional tests and in the nerve morphology [recruited macrophages and nerve growth factors (NGF-R p75)]. |
| Swedish abstract: | Sensibilitetsnedsättning är en vanlig komplikation till kirurgisk korrigering av käkställningsfel i mandibeln speciellt vid användande av sagittal split teknik. Med denna teknik är risken för skada av n. alveolaris inferior stor och skadan kan ske direkt under det kirurgiska ingreppet eller genom att nerven blir inklämd mellan de olika benfragmenten. Frekvensen av sensibilitetsnedsättning efter sagittal split osteotomi varierar avsevärt mellan olika kirurgiska centra. Som ett alternativ till sagittal split osteotomi (SSO) kan intraoral vertikal ramus osteotomi (IVRO) användas för korrigering av mandibulär prognati. Fördelen med denna metod är den låga förekomsten av nervskada, som kompenserar den postoperativa intermaxillära fixationen. Kliniska studier genomfördes för att utvärdera NSD med hänsyn till olika kirurgiska metoder, riktning åt vilken mandibeln förflyttas under ingreppet, kombination med hakplastik, ålder, kön och användning av steroider perioperativt. Medan mandibelns förflyttningsriktning, hakplastik och kön inte påverkar frekvensen av NSD, förefaller verkar åldern samt användning av steroider perioperativt vara de faktorer att beakta. Som förväntat var förekomsten av NSD lägre med IVRO än med SSO. Dessutom var NSD jämförelsevis lägre när steroider gavs perioperativt. Införandet av steroider perioperativt sammanföll med minskad förekomst av NSD. Denna iakttagelse föranledde studier för att klargöra steroidernas roll. Det har visat att steroider befrämjar nervläkning så som den återspeglas i funktionella test och morfologiska förändringar [recruited macrophages och nerve growth factors (NGF-R p75)] |
Awwad_Al-Bishri_ABSTRACT.pdf
(11.18Kb)
| Assessments of oral health status in frail patients in hospital. | |
| Andersson, Pia : Holberg (2004) |
DOCTORAL THESIS |
| English abstract: | The general aims of this thesis were to evaluate the usefulness of an oral assess¬ment guide and to determine the oral health status among frail patients in hospital settings. A further aim was to analyze possible factors that may be associated with oral health status, with special focus on the relationship between oral health and nutritional status among elderly rehabilitation patients. The Oral Assessment Guide (OAG) was used in patients with haematological malignancies undergoing chemotherapy. In further studies a Revised Oral Assessment Guide (ROAG) was used among geriatric rehabilitation patients. The inter-rater reliability of the OAG between registered nurses at the ward and a dental hygienist (DH) was good, as well as between a registered nurse and a DH using ROAG. Problems in the oral cavity were detected in all patients with haematological malignancies undergoing chemotherapy. Problems related to mucous membranes, teeth and/or dentures were most frequent. Oral health problems were also a frequent finding among the geriatric rehabilitation patients. The frequency of oral health problems was significantly lower at discharge compared to admission. Oral health problems were more often found among patients that stayed for longer periods at the hospital, were more dependent on help with daily activities and suffered for dysphagia, than among the healthier patients. Oral health problems were more common among the patients being at risk of undernourishment, suspected to be or severely undernourished (UN), than among the well-nourished patients. Problems in oral health status were significantly associated with the occurrence of respiratory diseases, living in special accommodation, being UN and being a woman. The highest Odds Ratio (OR) was found in problems with gums in relation to the occurrence of respiratory diseases (OR 8.9; 95 % CI 2.8-27.8). OAG as well as ROAG were found to be useful for assessing oral health status in frail patients at hospital. Oral health problems were a frequent finding among the patients. The use of an oral assessment tool on a routine basis may facilitate the detection of problems which otherwise can be hidden, and can serve as a guide for initiating individualised oral health procedures. |
| Information Technology and Interaction in Learning |
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| Mattheos, Nikos : Centre for Educational Research and Technology in Oral Health and Department of Periodontology Centre for Oral Health Sciences, Malmö University (2004) |
DOCTORAL THESIS |
| English abstract: | Learning is an interactive process between the learner and the surrounding structures, the so-called learning environment. Several types of instructional interaction - such as the learner-tutor, the learner-learner, the learner-content, and recently, the learner-interface interactions - have been identified in higher education. The design execution of these interactions may significantly influence the learning impact of an academic educational session. Information and communication technology (ICT), and especially the Internet, has affected learning in many ways, but most significantly through introducing new possibilities for instructional interaction. The overriding aim of this thesis has been to elucidate the relative role of certain types of interaction between the learner and his or her environment in academic oral health education. In this thesis, ICT is studied in two distinct roles: as a mediator of communication?that is, as the mediator in learner-instructor and learner-learner interaction?and as a partner in interaction through the educational interface?the so-called learner-interface interaction (human?computer interaction). ICT as a mediator of communication was studied during two Internet-based problem-based learning (PBL) courses and one Internet-based examination of undergraduate students. The potential of ICT as a partner in interaction through the educational interface was investigated through an interactive software application, which aimed to improve the self-assessment ability of students. The results of these studies suggest that computer-mediated interaction (CMI) has an important role to play in higher education, can facilitate complex instructional methodologies such as PBL, and can effectively supplement and enhance face-to-face instruction. However, CMI presented several methodological differences when compared with face-to-face interaction, in terms of both quality as well as quantity of interaction. CMI was received less positively than face-to-face interaction by the students, when used in examination settings. In addition, it remains unclear if computer applications are able to constitute an effective, short-term, remedial support for the improvement of complex cognitive skills in students?such as self-assessment skills?without human feedback. At the basis of these findings and currently available technology, the most beneficial scenario from an educational point of view would include both computer-mediated and face-to-face interaction, with a considerable degree of user-determined flexibility. Future studies should focus on the roles of the various factors that affect learning through the process of interaction. |
MattheosThesis04.pdf
(3.030Mb)
| HLA, salivary IgA and mutans streptococci - is there a relation? |
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Wallengren, Marie-Louise : Centre for Oral Health Sciences, Malmo University Swedish dental journal. Supplement;166 (2004) |
DOCTORAL THESIS |
| English abstract: | The aim of the present studies was to investigate a possible relationship between the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) complex, colonization of mutans streptococci and salivary immunoglobulin A (IgA) antibodies against mutans streptococcal antigens. In the first study a strong inverse relationship between HLA-DR4 and levels of mutans streptococci was observed for a group of renal transplant patients (I). In a group with healthy blood-donors a similar trend was observed (I). This tendency was also seen for a selected population investigated in the second study (II). Since the HLA molecules regulate the production of antibodies in saliva, the salivary IgA activity to three oral streptococci in a population of HLA-DR4-positive and DR4-negative subjects was investigated in the following study (III). It was found that the HLA-DR4-positive subjects, especially the DRB1*0401 and DRB1*0404 subgroups, showed a weaker IgA activity, in particular to Streptococcus mutans, as compared to the HLA-DR4-negative. However, immune response patterns revealed by Western blotting are often complex and for further studies with larger study populations it was crucial to unravel the nature of the detected antigens. In the fourth study (IV), untreated saliva, as well as saliva, in which cell-surface reactive IgA had been absorbed with whole bacteria cells, were analysed in Western blot against different oral streptococci. The high molecular bands, that were absent after absorption, likely represented cell-surface antigens and were thus of interest as they might be involved in adhesion mechanisms and available for blocking in vivo. In the next study (V), the salivary IgA activity to cell-surface antigens of three oral streptococci in relation to different HLA-DRB1*04 alleles was studied in a larger population. The immunoblots were analysed in a computer program and intensity graphs revealed that the DRB1*0401 and *0404 subgroups, compared to other DRB1*04 types, showed fewer as well as less intense immunoblot bands to antigens from S. mutans, S. sobrinus and streptococcal antigen (SA) I/II, but not S. parasanguis. The main conclusion from this thesis is that the HLA profile of the individual seems to influence the salivary IgA response to mutans streptococcal antigens and might thus also affect the conditions for the bacteria in the oral cavity. |
| Swedish abstract: | Mutansstreptokocker (MS) är en grupp bakterier som i många studier visats ha ett starkt samband med karies. Bakterierna anses tillhöra vår normala munflora, men alla individer har inte MS och mängden skiljer sig mycket från en individ till en annan. Orsakerna till denna variation är till viss del välkända, som t.ex. sockerkonsumtion, munhygien och vissa salivegenskaper. Intensiv forskning har dock visat att även ärftliga faktorer, såväl immunologiska som icke-immunologiska, har betydelse för kolonisationen av MS i munhålan. Individens immunförsvar mot MS bygger till stor del på immunoglobulin A (IgA) i saliven. Produktionen av saliv IgA styrs bl.a. av individens human leukocyte antigen (HLA) molekyler. Uppsättningen av HLA molekyler hos en individ (HLA profil) är nedärvd och mycket varierande mellan obesläktade. De utgör dock en mycket viktig del i regleringen av vårt immunförsvar. Studierna i den här avhandlingen har haft som övergripande mål att undersöka om mängden MS är relaterad till individens HLA profil, samt om HLA profilen påverkar individens IgA svar i saliven mot viktiga antigen på MS. Resultaten från de första studierna pekade på ett samband mellan en HLA klass II molekyl, HLA-DR4, och mer MS i saliven. Resultaten var särskilt spännande då de var i linje med andra forskares resultat inom området. I den följande studien jämfördes den specifika IgA antikroppsaktiviteten mot olika MS antigen, mellan individer som hade HLA-DR4 i sin HLA profil och individer som inte hade DR4. Det visade sig då att de DR4 positiva hade ett svagare IgA svar än de DR4 negativa. I det fortsatta arbetet fokuserades undersökningarna på IgA aktiviteten mot troliga ytantigen på MS, då dessa har visats ha betydelse bl.a. för bakteriens vidhäftning till ytor i munhålan. Syftet med den fjärde delstudien var därför att identifiera de antigen som var sannolika ytantigen hos bakterien och därmed tillgängliga för salivens IgA. I avhandlingens femte arbete, jämfördes IgA aktiviteten i saliven hos individer med olika HLA-DR4 subgrupper, mot sannolikt viktiga ytantigen hos MS. Det visade sig då att de individer som hade någon av subgrupperna, DRB1*0401 eller *0404, i sin profil, oftast hade ett betydligt svagare IgA svar mot sannolika ytantigen hos MS jämfört med individer med andra HLA profiler. Sammanfattningsvis visar resultaten från dessa fem studier på ett spännande samband mellan individens HLA profil, kolonisation av MS samt individens IgA aktivitet. Det är dock viktigt att komma ihåg att det finns många faktorer som påverkar kolonisationen, men att våra HLA molekyler kan vara är en av dessa och därmed bidra till de stora skillnaderna mellan olika individer. För att få ett utförligare svar på denna fråga behövs dock fler studier med större populationer. |
Marie-Louise_Wallengren_ABSTRACT.pdf
(16.88Kb)
| Tandhygienisters arbete med patienter i ett mångkulturellt samhälle -... |
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Björngren Cuadra, Carin (2005)
För att köpa publikationen kontakta Jan Nilsson, e-post: jan.nilsson@mah.se tfn: 040-6657294 |
DOCTORAL THESIS |
| English abstract: | The aim is to illuminate aspects of dental hygienists' work in multiethnic/multicultural societies, with focus on the intersection between the institutional activity and migration, ethnic diversity and culture issues. Hence, a tension between equality and diversity are discussed. The thesis has two analytical approaches, practice and discourse. The focus is on talk-in-interaction with patients (practice) and how the dental hygienist conceptualise their work when treating people with migrant background (discourse). The theoretical and methodological considerations are drawn from the sociological tradition of "Verstehen", Foucault and discourse analysis. The empirical material is based on documented observations (VCR) and interviews with dental hygienists and patients. The analysis of practice suggests that the interaction is organised by the institutional activity type. A patient’s readiness to position oneself as a "knowing subject", opposed to ethnicity, is crucial to how the interaction is structured. Migration related categories and phenomenon are related to the institutional task and understood as situated including practices. In discourse, ethnicity intersects with gender and class. The patient's power resources are of vital importance in a discourse on "immigrant patients". The hygienists relates to culture, in terms of relationship with dental care. References in exclusionary discourses were also found. Based on multilayered findings and theories of multiculturalisms, the concept of culture is discussed in connection to agency, ethics of care and equal treatment. |
cbc_avhandling_050307.pdf
(1.192Mb)
Erratablad avhandling.pdf
(80.75Kb)
| All-ceramic Fixed Partial Denture. Studies on aluminum oxide- and zir... |
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| Vult von Steyern, Per : Centre for Oral Health Sciences, Malmo University (2005) |
DOCTORAL THESIS |
| English abstract: | Background: The development of refined, tougher, and stronger ceramic core materials in recent years has led to the wider use of new, strong all-ceramic systems based on oxide ceramics. Results from in-vitro studies investigating the use of oxide ceramics in shorter all-ceramic fixed partial dentures (FPDs) have been positive, but clinical studies and additional in-vitro studies are needed to confirm the advisability of such procedures. Aims: One aim of this thesis was to investigate whether aluminabased and zirconia-based material systems are adequate for use in shorter (≤ fiveunit) FPDs and to evaluate the clinical results. Additional aims were to investigate how to achieve optimal fracture strength in an all-ceramic FPD by varying the try-in procedure, the cervical shape of the abutments, and the support of the FPD (abutment teeth or dental implants). The final aim was to compare the strength of a zirconia material system with that of an alumina equivalent with known long-term clinical performance. Materials and Methods: Two clinical studies investigating one aluminabased and one zirconia-based material system were performed. Twenty posterior, three-unit FPDs (glass-infiltrated alumina) were followed for 5 years and 20 three–fiveunit FPDs (HIP zirconia) for 2 years. Long-term follow-ups were made after 11+/-1 (glass-infiltrated alumina) and 3 years (HIP zirconia). In three in-vitro studies, the following variables were investigated: 1a) the flexural strength of porcelain specimens depending on whether they were exposed to saliva before the glaze firing (n=20) or first after the glaze firing (n=20), 1b) the fracture strength of three-unit all-ceramic FPDs (glass-infiltrated alumina) supported by abutments prepared with cervical shoulder preparations (n=9) and abutments with cervical chamfer preparations (n=9), 2) the fracture strength of crowns (n=30) made of a zirconia material system (densely sintered zirconia) and of crowns (n=30) of an alumina material system (densely sintered alumina) that had undergone three different pre-treatment modalities (water storage only; water storage and cyclic pre-loading; water storage, cyclic pre-loading, and thermocycling), 3) the fracture strength of all-ceramic FPDs (densely sintered alumina) supported by simulated teeth (n=12) or by dental implants (n=12). Results: The success rate of the clinical alumina study was 90% after 5 years. Six (+/-1) years later (after a total of 11+/-1 years), the success/survival rate was 65%. In the second clinical study, the success rates of the 2- and 3-year follow-ups were 100%. In the three in-vitro studies, the following results were found: 1a) the mean flexural strength of the specimens in the group that was exposed to saliva first after glazing was significantly higher (P < 0.001) than that of the specimens in the group that was exposed to saliva before glazing, 1b) the FPDs luted on shoulder preparations resisted higher loads than the FPDs luted on chamfer preparations (P = 0.051), 2) total fractures were more frequent in the alumina than in the zirconia group (P < 0.001), 3) FPDs loaded on implants resisted higher loads (mean = 604 N, SD=184 N ) than FPDs loaded on abutment teeth (mean= 378 N, SD=152 N, P = 0.003). Conclusions: This thesis justifies the use of shorter alumina- (≤ three-unit) and zirconia-based (≤ five-unit) FPDs as the clinical results are acceptable. The clinical performance of alumina is, however, not as good as that of comparable high-gold alloy based porcelain-fused-to-metal FPDs concerning fracture resistance. Within the limitations of the in-vitro studies: Saliva exposure of porcelain before glaze firing should be avoided to optimize the strength of the porcelain. Shoulder preparations can be beneficial for the strength of all-ceramic FPDs compared to chamfer preparations, as can support by dental implants compared to abutment teeth. The fracture mode of alumina crowns (total fractures) differs from that of zirconia crowns (veneer fractures), suggesting that the zirconia core is stronger than the alumina core. |
| Swedish abstract: | Keramiska material har länge använts inom tandvården för framställning av tandersättningar. Keramer har många goda egenskaper som gör dem särskilt lämpliga att använda i munnen. Viktigast är kanske att de är biokompatibla, det vill säga att de inte skadar omgivande vävnader, att de inte ger upphov till allergier eller utgör någon risk för förgiftning och att de inte bryts ner i den miljö i vilken de är tänkta att fungera. Särskilt intressanta bland keramerna är porslin som förutom nämnda fördelar har optiska egenskaper som liknar tandemaljens. Detta har bidragit till att dentalt porslin sedan många år används för att ge olika typer av tandersättningar ett ytskikt med tandliknade utseende. Broar är fastsittande tandersättningar som används när man behöver ersätta förlorade tänder. Det idag mest använda materialet för framställning av tandbroar är så kallad "metallkeramik", en kombination av en metallegering, ofta högädel, och ett porslin. Den viktigaste rollen som metallegeringen spelar är att förstärka porslinet så att det motstår de belastningar som förekommer i munnen. Metallegeringar har emellertid flera nackdelar. Dels finns det en risk att patienten är allergisk mot någon av legeringsmetallerna om de läcker ut. Metallers optiska egenskaper begränsar dessutom möjligheterna att få tandersättningarna så tandlika som man många gånger önskar, vilket försvårar förutsättningarna att framställa tandersättningar med gott estetiskt resultat. Sedan mer än 40 år har forskning pågått för att utveckla helkeramiska material som har egenskaper som tillåter framställning av broar utan metallunderstöd. Olika metoder och material har testats, men resultaten har många gånger varit nedslående; broar har spruckit efter en allt för kort tid i funktion. Inte förrän 1985 kom ett material som verkade kunna fungera och som hade teoretiska hållfasthetsvärden långt över de traditionella keramernas. Nittonhundranittiotvå presenterades flera laboratoriestudier med samma slutsats - nu fanns ett material som verkade vara tillräckligt starkt för att kunna användas till broframställning; glasinfiltrerad aluminiumoxid. Man betonade dock att kliniska långtidsstudier behövdes innan materialet kunde rekommenderas för allmänt bruk. Föreliggande arbete består av 5 delarbeten, samtliga rörande helkeramiska broar eller material som används i broarna. Delarbete 1, 3 och 5 är laboratoriestudier medan delarbete 2 och 4 är kliniska studier. I delarbete 1 undersöktes dels vilken inprovningsmetod som ger högst hållfasthet hos porslin (göra bron helt färdig på laboratoriet alternativt att prova den i munnen som halvfabrikat innan bron färdigställs), dels vilken typ av tillslipning man bör göra av tänderna som skall bära bron för att få högst brohållfasthet (s.k. skulderpreparation alternativt chamferpreparation (hålkälsprofil). Delarbete 2 är en klinisk 5-årsuppföljning av broar framställda i glasinfiltrerad aluminiumoxid och delarbete 3 jämför hållfastheten hos 2 olika bromaterial (aluminiumoxid och zirkoniumdioxid). Delarbete 4 är en klinisk 2- årsuppföljning av broar framställda i zirkoniumdioxid och slutligen delarbete 5 jämför helkeramiska broars hållfasthet beroende på om de är förankrade med tänder eller tandimplantat. Utöver dessa delarbeten finns en sammanställning av kliniska resultat från delarbete 2 och 4 efter 11±1 år (glasinfiltrerad aluminiumoxid) respektive 3 år (zirkoniumdioxid). Slutsatserna från avhandlingen är att små broar baserade på aluminiumoxid kan framställas med acceptabelt kliniskt resultat, men att hållfastheten över tid inte är lika bra som för motsvarande broar i metallkeramik. Zirkoniumdioxidbaserade broar med storlek upp till 5 tänder uppvisar lyckandefrekvenser motsvarande metallkeramik inom ramen för den tid föreliggande studie pågått. Laboratorieavsnitten i avhandlingen ger följande slutsatser: Inprovning av porslin i mun på patient bör inte göras innan glansbränning av porslinet gjorts. Vidare bör skulderpreparation väljas framför chamferpreparation för att motstå höga belastningar i bettet. Zirkoniumdioxid är starkare än aluminiumoxid, särskilt efter förbelastning, men ytporslinet på en zirkoniumoxidkrona spricker vid ungefär samma belastning som en aluminiuoxidkrona spricker genom båda skikten (både kärna och ytporslin). Slutligen antyder resultaten i delarbete 5 att helkeramiska broar bör kunna göras på implantat med minst lika bra hållfasthet som på naturliga tänder. Resultaten från laboratoriestudierna behöver emellertid bekräftas i kliniska studier innan metoden kan rekommenderas för allmänt bruk. |
P_Vult_abstract.pdf
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| The Role of gingivitis in the loss of periodontal attachment and teeth. | |
| Schätzle, Marc (2005) |
DOCTORAL THESIS |
| English abstract: | In randomized parallel longitudinal studies conducted in Norway between 1969 and 1995, and Sri Lanka between 1970 and 1990 the initiation and progression of periodontal disease was investigated. The two groups showed geographical, racial, cultural, socioeconomic and educational differences, and they represented extremes as to perceived severity of periodontal disease, general health care delivery systems and to dental care. The Sri Lanka population had never been exposed to any program of oral professional or self care. The Norwegian population, on the other hand, was exposed to conventional care throughout life starting at age 3 years. All results presented in this thesis are based only on analyses of the data collected from this 26-year longitudinal investigation in a group of middle-class men Norwegian men aged between 16 and 59 years. 565 subjects were recruited in 1969 and 223 subjects completed the study in 1995. A total of 7 surveys were staged during the observation period. Gingivitis was present in all subjects. The severity of gingival inflammation varied little throughout life. Initial loss of attachment was seen already at 16 years of age. Mean individual loss of attachment increased steadily during the thirties and forties and reached a maximum of 2.44mm at age 59 years. Sites that never showed any inflammation sings experienced the least mean cumulative loss of attachment (1.86mm) followed by sites with slight inflammation signs (2.25mm) over the 26-year observation period. In sites that consistently bled on probing over 26 years, the mean loss of attachment was 3.23mm. Gingival sites that bled on probing yielded an odds ratio of 3.22 to lose attachment as compared to healthy sites over the 26 year observation period. Throughout the observation period, 15% of the subjects accounted for the loss of 126 teeth out of 13285 teeth, an extremely low tooth mortality rate throughout 60 years of life. When teeth lost were analyzed relative to the long term status of their surrounding gingiva, it appeared that teeth surrounded by inflammation-free gingiva were maintained for a tooth age of 51 years, while teeth consistently surrounded by inflamed gingiva had a 46 times higher risk of being lost. |
| Studies on the design of free text communication and video components... |
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| Schittek Janda, Martin (2005) |
DOCTORAL THESIS |
| English abstract: | The research conducted so far in computer assisted learning (CAL) can be categorised in three different levels: the basic level, the component level, and the course or holistic level. Because research in CAL in health education has been driven by enthusiastic teachers, it is well understood that most studies are built around existing structured courses and focus on holistic evaluation of the learning process. There seems to be a lack of original research on the actual role of CAL components in the learning process. The aim of this thesis was to contribute to our understanding of the component level in order to be able to develop better instruments for teaching. This thesis focuses on two different components, video and free text communication (FTC). Four studies were conducted: 1. A systematic literature review to investigate the state of the art within CAL in dental and medical education. 2. A design and usability test as well as one randomised, controlled trial to investigate the effects of training with FTC on the development of skills in history taking. 3. A randomised, controlled trial to test the learning effect of a segmented vs a whole video. 4.A randomised, controlled trial to test the learning effect of segmented video vs live demonstration through a camera. Most of the studies covered in the literature review were conducted at the holistic level and therefore unable to identify the importance of individual CAL functions in the learning process. The students’ ability to take a history of real patients improved significantly after one training session with FTC. The learning outcome of segmented videos appears to be better than that of whole videos, and segmented videos are watched more by the students. The results of the experimental studies indicate that both FTC and video can play significant roles in the CAL process. Research-based development of CAL components would increase the potential of CAL in education. |
thesis.pdf
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| Risk factors in oral and oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma |
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| Rosenquist, K : Centre for Oral Health Sciences, Malmö University (2005) |
DOCTORAL THESIS |
| English abstract: | In the year 2002, about 275,000 inhabitants around the world developed oral cancer and over half of them will die of their disease within 5 years. Oral and oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OOSCC) accounts for about 1% of all cancers in Sweden – which is low compared to the incidence on the Indian subcontinent and in other parts of Asia, where it is one of the most common forms of cancer. The incidence in Sweden is increasing, however. The study comprised 80% (132/165) of all consecutive cases living in the Southern Healthcare Region, born in Sweden and without previous cancer diagnosis (except skin cancer), who were diagnosed with OOSCC during the period September 2000 to January 2004. Using the Swedish Population Register, 396 cancer-free controls were identified and matched by age, gender and county. Of these individuals, 320 (81%) agreed to take part in the study. Cases and controls were subjected to a standardised interview, identical oral examinations including panoramic radiographs, and cell sampling for human papillomavirus (HPV) analysis. In total 128 patients with planned curative treatment were followed for a median time of 22 months (range 0 – 36). The aims were to assess different potential risk factors in OOSCC such as oral hygiene, dental status, oral mucosal lesions, alcohol and tobacco use, virus infection, and some related to lifestyle. A further aim was to assess the influence of these factors on recurrence or occurrence of a new second primary tumour (SPT) of squamous cell carcinoma. In multivariate analysis average oral hygiene (OR 2.0; 95% CI 1.1–3.6) and poor oral hygiene (OR 5.3; 95% CI 2.5–11.3), more than 5 defective teeth (OR 3.1; 95% CI 1.2–8.2) and more than 20 teeth missing (OR 3.4; 95% CI 1.4-8.5), as well as defective or malfunctioning complete dentures (OR 3.8; 95 % CI 1.3–11.4) were identified as significant risk factors for development of OOSCC. Regular dental care reduced the risk of OOSCC (OR 0.4; 95% CI 0.2–0.6). The cases reported a higher consumption of alcohol than the controls. More than 350 g of alcohol per week (OR 2.6; 95% CI 1.3–5.4) and 11–20 cigarettes per day (OR 2.4; 95% CI 1.3-4.1) were dose-dependent risk factors. The results showed a tendency for women to have a greater risk (OR 1.8) than men at any given level of tobacco consumption. There was no increased risk of OOSCC among users of Swedish moist snuff. There was a significant relationship between high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and OOSCC (OR 63; 95% CI 14–280). Forty-seven of the cases (36%) were high-risk HPV infected and 7 (5.3%) were low-risk HPV infected in the specimens collected from the oral cavity. The corresponding figures for the controls were 3 (0.94%) and 13 (4.1%), respectively. The high-risk HPV types found in the oral cavity were the same types as observed in cervical cancer. Tumour stage was associated with both higher relative rate (RR) of recurrence or second primary tumour (SPT) of squamous cell carcinoma, and death in intercurrent diseases (DICD), defined as death before the occurrence of recurrence or SPT. High-risk HPV infected patients had an almost threefold increased RR of recurrence/SPT, but seemingly a lower RR of DICD compared to high-risk negative cases. Patients with tonsillar carcinoma had a significantly higher cause-specific RR of recurrence/SPT (RR 2.06; CI 0.99 - 4.28) compared to patients with OSCC of other sites. High alcohol consumption was associated with a high RR of recurrence/SPT, but not with DICD. There was no increased RR of recurrence/SPT related to smoking, but an association between smoking and DICD. In conclusion, the results in this study confirm that both smoking tobacco and alcohol consumption are risk factors for OOSCC. The use of Swedish moist snuff had no effect on the risk. Independent risk factors identified are poor oral hygiene, inadequate dental status and malfunctioning complete dentures. Regular dental check-ups are a preventive factor. Among other possible risk factors studied, high-risk HPV infection appears to be the strongest. Highrisk HPV infection increases the cause-specific RR of recurrence or SPT. Tumour stage influences the rate of recurrence/SPT. |
| Swedish abstract: | År 2002 drabbades omkring 275 000 individer runt om i världen av cancer i munhålan. Mer än hälften av dessa kommer att dö av sin sjukdom inom 5 år. Förekomsten av cancer i munhåla och svalg (Oral and Oropharyngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma, OOSCC) varierar i olika delar av världen. Det är en ovanlig lokalisation av cancer i Sverige, men antalet nya fall ökar. I Sverige svarar sjukdomen för omkring 1 % av all cancer, vilket är lågt jämfört med förekomsten i Indien och andra delar av Asien där den är en av de vanligaste formerna av cancer. Studien omfattar 132 konsekutiva patienter i Södra sjukvårdsregionen som under perioden september 2000 - januari 2004 fått primärdiagnosen OOSCC. De inkluderade patienterna motsvarar 80 % av samtliga fall. Ur befolkningsregistret identifierades 396 ålders-, köns-, och länsmatchade cancerfria kontrollpersoner av vilka 320 (81 %) samtyckte till att medverka. Fall och kontroller genomgick en standardiserad intervju, identisk undersökning av munhåla inklusive panoramaröntgen samt uppsamling av celler från munhålan för bestämning av humant papillomvirus (HPV). En journal speciellt designad för studien användes. Syftet med studien var att utvärdera potentiella riskfaktorer för OOSCC - munhygien, tandstatus, munslemhinneförändringar, alkohol, tobak, virus och vissa livsstilsfaktorer - och att analysera i vilken grad de var för sig eller tillsammans ökar risken för OOSCC. Ett ytterligare syfte var att bedöma om dessa faktorer påverkar frekvensen av recidiv. Statistiska analyser visade att medelmåttig och dålig munhygien ökar risken för OOSCC. Fler än 20 förlorade tänder och/eller dåligt fungerande/defekta helproteser utgör också en ökad risk. Regelbundna tandläkarbesök är däremot förenat med minskad risk för OOSCC. |
Abstract_K_Rosenquist_dissertation.pdf
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| Mandibular third molar removal: patient preferences, assessments of o... |
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Liedholm, Rolf : Centre for Oral Health Sciences, Malmo University Swedish dental journal (2005) |
DOCTORAL THESIS |
| English abstract: | Mandibular third molar removal is one of the most common treatments conducted at oral and maxillofacial surgery clinics in Sweden. During the 1980’s and 1990’s, 20-25,000 mandibular third molars were removed annually which represents about 60% of the total operation volume. Removals performed in private specialist clinics and general dental clinics are not included in these figures. The aims of the present studies on mandibular third molars were to: 1) study values that reflect patients’ preferences about possible outcomes of removal and non-removal; 2) make comparisons between Sweden and Wales with respect to patient’s preferences; 3) study assessments of oral surgeons’ indications for molars to be removed ; 4) describe patient flows in the care process of removal. The multi-attribute utility (MAU) method was used to quantify patients’ preferences about outcomes following removal and non-removal. Whilst there were clear cultural and economic differences between the Swedish and the Welsh, there was a high degree of correlation in patients’ ranking of the different outcomes for patients from the two countries (rs= 0.93, P<0.001). Generally, situations describing the outcomes of non-removal had a higher ranking than those describing the outcomes of removal i.e. patients seemed to prefer non-removal. Oral surgeons at seven specialist clinics registered data for 666 patients i.e. patient age and sex, the angular position and extent of eruption of the molar and whether or not there was an associated disease related to the molar proposed for removal. The indication for the removal was assessed on a Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), and the recorded results found to show a great variety. The mean VAS for removal of molars without disease was significantly lower than that for molars with associated disease. The differences between the mean VAS for molars with one disease compared with molars with two or three diseases were not significant. The patients´ age was the only factor that had a significant effect on the assessment of the indication for molars without disease. The indication was higher for patients of the youngest age group than for patients of the oldest age group (P< 0.05). In four specialist units in southern Sweden, the patient flows (the number of visits and what the visits comprise of) was registered for 361 patients. All details were recorded from arrival of the referral to the unit to performed mandibular third molar surgery. Eight different patient flows were found. The number of patient visits varied from one to three. For about 60 percent of the patients, attached radiographs to the referral were considered not appropriate and had to be completed, e.g. to be retaken. For a minority of the patients, the radiographic examination was completed at the radiological clinic included in the specialist unit and, in the oral and maxillofacial clinic for the others. The number of patient visits seemed not to depend on whether the attached radiographs were judged to be appropriate or not. In conclusion: • Patient preferences seem to be more stable than the preferences of oral surgeons across the boundaries. • Patients prefer outcomes of third molar non-removal as compared to outcomes following removal. • Different patient flows may influence the cost-effectiveness in mandibular third molar surgery. |
| Swedish abstract: | Operativt avlägsnande av visdomständer i underkäken utgör en stor del av verksamheten vid landstingens specialistkliniker i käkkirurgi i Sverige. Under 1980- och 1990-talen beräknades årligen 20-25.000 visdomständer ha avlägsnats vilket utgjorde ca 60 % av operationsvolymen vid dessa kliniker. Därtill kommer ett stort antal operationer av visdomständer som har utförts av privata specialister och allmänpraktiserande tandläkare. Mot den här bakgrunden har målsättningen varit, avseende visdomstandskirurgi i underkäken, att: 1. Studera patienters preferenser för möjliga konsekvenser efter operativt avlägsnande jämfört med att man avstår från operation, d.v.s. att visdomstanden får sitta kvar. 2. Jämföra patienters preferenser i två olika länder, Sverige och Wales. 3. Studera käkkirurgers bedömning av indikationens styrka för tänder, med och utan sjukdom, som skall operativt avlägsnas. 4. Beskriva och analysera vårdprocessen för patienter som remitterats till käkkirurgiska specialistenheter för operativt avlägsnande av visdomstanden. I de två första studierna presenterades resultaten av den svenska undersökningen som sedan jämfördes med resultaten från motsvarande undersökning utförd i Wales. Patienternas preferenser vid behandlingsbeslut att operativt avlägsna visdomstanden alternativt att avstå från operation, visade att trots att kulturer och ekonomiska system kan skilja sig åt, så var patienternas preferenser i de båda länderna likartade. Samstämmigt föredrog patienterna de konsekvenser som kan uppstå om visdomstanden får vara kvar (perikoronit, karies, rotresorption, follikularcysta) jämfört med de konsekvenser som kan uppstå vid operativt avlägsnande av visdomstanden (värk, svullnad, känselstörningar på näraliggande nerver, postoperativ infektion). I den tredje studien konstaterades att käkkirurger som opererade visdomständer på patienter som var remitterade till specialistklinik visade stor variation då man skattade styrkan för indikationen att utföra ingreppet. En Visual Analog Scale (VAS) användes, där 0 indikerade mycket svag indikation och 100 mm mycket stark indikation, för att käkkirurgerna skulle registrera hur de värderade styrkan på indikationen för planerad operation. Dessutom registrerades antalet sjukdomstillstånd i anslutning till aktuell visdomstand, patientens ålder, tandens läge i käken samt om tanden helt eller delvis var täckt med slemhinna/benvävnad. Andelen tänder i det undersökta materialet som avlägsnades utan att ha någon associerad sjukdom (s.k. profylaktiskt indikation) var 18 %. Styrkan på indikationen att operativt avlägsna denna grupp visdomständer var lägre än för de med associerad sjukdom. Patientens ålder var den enda faktor, av de registrerade, som påverkade indikationen för profylaktisk operation. Indikationen var högre i de yngre åldersgrupperna jämfört med de äldre. I den fjärde studien följdes det faktiska förloppet i vårdprocessen för 361 patienter som var remitterade för visdomstandsoperation i underkäken, vid fyra käkkirurgiska specialistenheter. Detta innebar att olika patientflöden identifierades. Dessa beskrev antalet patientbesök och dess innehåll, från remissmottagande till utförd operation. Åtta olika patientflöden kunde identifieras. Antalet patientbesök varierade mellan ett och tre. För majoriteten av patienterna bedömdes den röntgenundersökning som bifogades remissen vara otillräcklig som underlag för operationen. Kompletterande röntgenundersökning utfördes för drygt 10 procent av patienterna på specialistklinik för odontologisk röntgen. Resterande kompletterande röntgenundersökningar utfördes på den käkkirurgiska kliniken. Behovet av kompletterande röntgenundersökning hade med få undantag ingen påverkan på antalet besök för den planerade visdomstandsoperationen. Konklusionerna från resultaten i avhandlingen visar att: • Patienter föredrar de konsekvenser som kan inträffa om visdomstanden får vara kvar jämfört med de konsekvenser som kan inträffa vid ett operativt avlägsnande av visdomstanden • Patienters behandlingspreferenser är stabila i jämförelse mellan två olika länder som tycks ha olika kulturer och ekonomiska system • Behandlingsbeslut fattade av patienter visar mindre variation än behandlingsbeslut fattade av kliniker • Olika patientflöden kan påverka kostnadseffektiviteten. |
Abstract_R_Liedholm.pdf
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| Good work for dentists : ideal and reality for female unpromoted gene... | |
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Hjalmers, Karin : Faculty of Odontology, Malmö university Swedish Dental Journal, Supplement;182 (2006) |
DOCTORAL THESIS |
| English abstract: | Female unpromoted general practice dentists (GPDs) in the Public Dental Health Service (PDHS) constitute about one fourth of all working dentists in Sweden. Unpromoted means that the position is without managerial functions. According to many reports, they have a problematic psychosocial work situation. This thesis aimed to: - Describe the perceived health for these GPDs, in comparison with others with a similar work situation. - Analyse their sense of support in comparison with others. - Describe how they perceived "good work", i.e. both the healthy and socially responsible work, and whether there was a difference between their ideal and their reality. - Analyse patterns in two aspects - the moral and the career aspects - of "good work" for dentists. In 2000, questionnaires were sent to all female unpromoted GPDs in the PDHS in a region of Sweden. The response rate was 94%. Results: - The dentists felt unwell, worse than other compared groups. - There was little support from the management. - There was little inter-colleague contact. - There was no cross-sectional association between collegial networks and support, but the qualitative investigation showed that collegial networks were perceived as positive. - There was a great difference between ideal and reality concerning good work. The dentists felt a lack of influence, and this was the greatest difference of all. - Three components of good work - "moral values and skill discretion", "career development" and "work environment" - were found. The dentists emphasized the moral basis of their work, confirming the character of dentistry as primarily human service work. In conclusion: There were serious work environmental problems among these dentists. The dentists felt unwell and felt a great lack of influence on important decisions. There was little inter-colleague contact, but collegial networks were perceived as positive. There was little support from the management, indicating a clear weakness in the relations between employers and female unpromoted GPDs in the PDHS. Three components of good work were found, where the moral component was the most important but it also showed the greatest difference between ideal and reality. Thus, the dentists emphasized the moral basis of their work, confirming the character of dentistry as primarily human service work and not industrial work. The dentists with the highest level of commitment perceived the largest differences. The PDHS organization has therefore failed to convince or engage those whom it ought to engage, i.e. those with the greatest commitment. The way to improve the female unpromoted GPDs' work situation would be through increased influence and support, bridging the gap between ideal and reality. |
| Swedish abstract: | Kvinnliga obefordrade allmäntandläkare i Folktandvården utgör cirka en fjärdedel av alla yrkesverksamma tandläkare i Sverige. Enligt många rapporter har denna grupp en besvärlig psykosocial arbetssituation. Målet med denna avhandling var att: - Beskriva den självuppfattade hälsan för dessa allmäntandläkare i jämförelse med andra med likartad arbetssituation. - Analysera deras uppfattning om stöd i jämförelse med andra grupper. - Beskriva hur de uppfattade det "goda arbetet", dvs ett arbete som är både hälsosamt och socialt ansvarstagande, samt beskriva om det fanns en skillnad mellan deras ideal och deras verklighet gällande ett gott arbete. - Analysera mönster i två faktorer av det goda arbetet för tandläkare, nämligen en moralfaktor och en karriärfaktor. Postenkäter skickades 2000 till alla kvinnliga obefordrade allmäntandläkare i Folktandvården i en svensk region. Svarsfrekvensen var 94%. Resultaten visade att: - Tandläkarna mådde dåligt, sämre än övriga jämförda grupper. - De fick lite stöd från ledningen. - Det förekom få interkollegiala kontakter. - Det fanns inga tvärsnittssamband mellan kollegiala nätverk och stöd, men den kvalitativa undersökningen visade att kollegiala nätverk uppfattades positivt. - Det fanns en stor skillnad mellan det som tandläkarna uppfattade som ett idealiskt gott arbete och den verklighet de befann sig i. Den största skillnaden mellan ideal och verklighet fanns i bristen på inflytande. - Tre faktorer av det goda arbetet kunde konstateras, nämligen moral-, karriär- och arbetsmiljöfaktorerna. Tandläkarna upplevde att den moraliska aspekten av arbetet var allra viktigast. Detta bekräftar att tandläkarna upplevde sitt yrke som först och främst ett människovårdande yrke. Sammanfattningsvis fanns det allvarliga arbetsmiljöproblem bland tandläkarna. Tandläkarna mådde dåligt och upplevde stor brist på inflytande över viktiga frågor. Det förekom få interkollegiala kontakter, men kollegiala nätverk uppfattades positivt. De fick lite stöd från ledningen, vilket pekade på en svaghet i relationen mellan arbetsgivarna och de kvinnliga obefordrade allmäntandläkarna. Tre komponenter av det goda arbetet kunde konstateras, varav den moraliska komponenten både var den viktigaste och uppvisade den största skillnaden mellan ideal och verklighet. Sålunda värderade tandläkarna den moraliska delen av arbetet högst, vilket bekräftar att tandvård primärt är ett människovårdande yrke och inte ett industriellt yrke. De tandläkare med högst engagemang upplevde de största skillnaderna. Organisationen har följaktligen misslyckats med att övertyga eller engagera de tandläkare som den borde engagera, dvs de med det största engagemanget. Vägen till att förbättra de kvinnliga allmäntandläkarnas arbetssituation bör vara genom ökat inflytande och ökat stöd för att på så sätt överbrygga skillnaden mellan ideal och verklighet. |
| Studies on periodontitis and analyses of individuals at risk for peri... |
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| Jansson, Henrik : Faculty of Odontology, Malmö University (2006) |
DOCTORAL THESIS |
| English abstract: | Periodontal disease is an infectious disease initiated by microbial plaque, which accumulates on the tooth surface at the gingival margin and induces an inflammatory reaction. The function of the inflammatory process is to protect the host, however the process may also contribute to tissue destruction. Most individuals show gingival inflammation, but only a limited number suffer from periodontitis i.e. loss of attachment. Without treatment, periodontitis will result in tooth mobility and subsequent tooth mortality. Independent of ethnicity, 10%-15% of an adult population will develop severe periodontitis The aim of this thesis has been to analyse individuals at risk for periodontal disease. Four studies have been conducted in 2 different groups of individuals with: - Recurrent periodontitis kept in a maintenance care program - studies I-III. - Type 2 diabetes (T2D) - study IV. In study I, the clinical effect of local periodontitis treatment with an antibiotic gel was investigated. In study II, the microbiological effect of periodontitis treatment with the same antibiotic gel as in study I was investigated. In study III, it was investigated whether the interleukin-1 (IL-1a and b) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) gene polymorphisms were associated with the susceptibility of chronic periodontitis. In study IV, the prevalence of periodontitis in individuals with T2D was investigated, together with the prevalence of diabetic complications in relation to periodontal disease. We also studied whether there was a difference in dental care habits and knowledge of oral health between T2D subjects with and without periodontal disease. In conclusion, this thesis did not find any significant clinical and microbiological differences between subjects with recurrent periodontal disease treated with a locally delivered metronidazole gel compared to a placebo gel. Neither could we find an association between genetic variants in the IL-1a, IL-1b and IL-6 genes in individuals with or without periodontal disease. The prevalence of severe periodontitis, according to radiographic criteria, was almost 20% in subjects with T2D. This was further confirmed by clinical parameters. T2D individuals with periodontal disease demonstrated a higher HbA1c level, a higher prevalence of cardiovascular complications and a higher proportion of smokers compared to periodontally healthy T2D subjects. Finally, T2D individuals seem to lack sufficient knowledge about oral health. |
| Swedish abstract: | Parodontit är en infektionssjukdom som orsakas av munhålans normala bakterieflora samt faktorer i infektionsförsvaret. Det inflammatoriska svaret fungerar som ett skydd för värden men är samtidigt vävnadsnedbrytande. Detta är anledningen till förlust av tandens stödjevävnader. De flesta individer har tandköttsinflammation (gingivit) men betydligt färre har parodontit. Utan behandling progredierar parodontiten och till slut lossnar tanden. Oberoende av etnicitet drabbas 10-15 % i en vuxen befolkning av grav parodontit. Målet med den här avhandlingen har varit att undersöka individer som har ökad risk för parodontit. Fyra studier utfördes på 2 olika individgrupper: -Patienter med behandlad parodontit under parodontal stödbehandling, men med tecken på sjukdomsprogression, behandlade på specialistkliniken för Parodontologi i Malmö, FTV Skåne, Sverige. Studie I-III. -Individer med typ 2 diabetes (T2D), i ett lokalt diabetesregister på Universitetsjukhuset, UMAS, i Malmö, Sverige. Studie IV. -I delarbete I undersöktes den kliniska effekten av behandling av parodontit med en lokal antibiotikagel jämfört med en placebo gel. I delarbete II undersöktes den mikrobiologiska effekten av behandling av parodontit med samma antibiotikagel som i arbete I. I delarbete III undersöktes genetiska variationer i generna för IL-1α, IL-1β och IL-6 hos individer med parodontit jämfört med parodontalt friska individer. I delarbete IV undersöktes individer med T2D avseende prevalens av parodontit och förekomsten av diabeteskomplikationer i relation till graden av parodontit. Dessutom undersöktes om det var någon skillnad mellan tandvårdsvanor och kunskap om oral hälsa hos T2D individer med eller utan parodontit. Konklusionen av den här avhandlingen är att behandling av parodontit med lokal antibiotikagel inte resulterar i någon signifikant skillnad avseende kliniska och mikrobiologiska parametrar i en grupp parodontitbehandlade patienter under stödbehandling. Dessutom har inga skillnader avseende genetiska variationer i Il-1α, IL-1β och IL-6 kunnat påvisas mellan individer med eller utan parodontit. Prevalensen av parodontit är 20% hos individer med T2D, vilket är högre än för övrigt friska individer. Individer med T2D och parodontit har sämre blodsockerreglering, signifikant högre prevalens av hjärt-kärl komplikationer och röker i större utsträckning jämfört med parodontalt friska T2D individer. Avslutningsvis verkar det som att individer med T2D saknar tillräcklig kunskap om oral hälsa. |
Abstract_Jansson_2006.pdf
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| Chronic orofacial pain. Understanding patients from two perspectives:... |
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| Wolf, Eva : Faculty of Odontology, Malmö University (2006) |
DOCTORAL THESIS |
| English abstract: | The aim of this thesis was to study chronic orofacial pain patients from two perspectives - the clinical view and the experience of the patient - in order to improve the understanding of the patients and their condition. All patients had been referred to the Faculty of Odontology, Malmö University, Malmö, Sweden owing to chronic orofacial pain. The clinical perspective was investigated in a retrospective study of 109 consecutive chronic orofacial pain patients (85 females, 24 males) who had been examined by a pain group. Diagnosis, pain status, medication, and education were the parameters studied and pain-related sex differences were calculated. In addition, the patients were mailed a questionnaire after 4–9 years to follow up their pain status and to identify predictors of pain persistence. The patient perspective was investigated by interviewing 14 strategically selected patients (11 female, 3 male) about their lived experience of non-specific chronic orofacial pain. The interviews were of 1–1.5-hour duration and were conducted twice with each patient. The findings from the clinical studies and the interview studies are listed below. The experiences of the interviewed patients revealed additional aspects of several of the findings made in the clinical studies. -The majority of the patients were female. Mainly similarities between the sexes were found regarding pain status and the other parameters studied. -The patients had a lower level of education than Swedish inhabitants of the same ages. -The majority of the patients in the clinical studies reported seeking care repeatedly owing to orofacial pain. The patients in the interview studies experienced distrust and rejection at the consultations for the orofacial pain. They also experienced the pain as elusive and difficult to communicate. -Most of the patients in the clinical studies had persistent pain of some intensity at the follow-up 4–9 years later. The interviewed patients expressed a great need to be taken care of and often seemed to have a limited ability to cope with the pain. -Among the patients studied clinically, a reported consumption of pharmacological agents with a central effect (opioids, muscle relaxants, antidepressants, neuroleptics, hypnotics, or sedatives) was a predictor of pain persisting at the follow-up. The interviewed patients expressed feelings of hopelessness and a lack of faith in the future. To study patients with chronic orofacial pain from a clinical viewpoint and from a patient perspective led to a deeper understanding of chronic orofacial pain as a complex condition that has an impact on every aspect of the patient's life. The patients often seek dental care because of the pain. It seems to be important in dentistry to develop constructive strategies for caring for these patients - especially when the dental disease condition has already been adequately diagnosed and treated, but the patients still experience pain. |
| Swedish abstract: | Det övergripande syftet har varit att studera patienter med långvarig ansiktssmärta dels från ett kliniskt perspektiv och dels från patientens perspektiv. Samtliga patienter som ingått i studierna var remitterade till Tandvårdshögskolan i Malmö pga långvarig ansiktssmärta. Det kliniska perspektivet erhölls genom en retrospektiv studie av 109 patienter (85 kvinnor, 24 män) som blivit undersökta i en smärtgrupp. Därvid studerades parametrar som diagnos, smärtkarakteristika, medicinering och utbildning. Uppmärksamhet riktades mot skillnader och likheter mellan kvinnor och män avseende de parametrar som studerats. En uppföljning av patienternas smärttillstånd gjordes 4-9 år efter den ursprungliga undersökningen. För att få patienternas perspektiv intervjuades fjorton patienter (11 kvinnor, 3 män) om sina personliga upplevelser av att leva med långvarig ansiktssmärta. Varje patient intervjuades vid två tillfällen under ca 1-1.5 timme. Nedan listas fynden från de kliniska studierna och intervjustudierna. Upplevelserna som de intervjuade patienterna förmedlade innebar ett annat perspektiv på flera av fynden från de kliniska studierna. - Kvinnorna var i majoritet bland de patienter som ingick i studierna. När kvinnor och män jämfördes registrerades fler likheter än olikheter för de parametrar som studerades. -Patienterna hade en lägre utbildningsnivå än svenska invånare av samma ålder. -En majoritet av patienterna som studerades kliniskt rapporterade ett upprepat vårdsökande med anledning av smärtan. De intervjuade patienterna upplevde misstro och avfärdande vid sina vårdbesök. De upplevde också smärtan som svårgripbar och svår att kommunicera. -En majoritet av patienterna som studerades kliniskt hade kvarstående smärta vid uppföljningen. De intervjuade patienterna uttryckte ett behov av att bli omhändertagna och hade ofta en begränsad förmåga att hantera smärtan konstruktivt. -De patienter som studerades kliniskt och medicinerade med centralt verkande läkemedel (sömnmedel, antidepressiva, lugnande eller starka smärtstillande tabletter) hade en risk för kvarstående smärta vid uppföljningen. De intervjuade patienterna förmedlade känslor av hopplöshet och hade en pessimistisk syn på framtiden. Att studera patienter med långvarig ansiktssmärta både från ett kliniskt perspektiv och från patientens eget perspektiv innebar en ökad förståelse för att långvarig ansiktssmärta är ett komplext tillstånd som påverkar patientens hela livssituation. Patienterna söker ofta tandvård pga sin ansiktssmärta. Det är därför angeläget att inom tandvården utveckla konstruktiva strategier för omhändertagandet, särskilt när sjukdomstillstånd i munhålan och angränsande vävnader är adekvat diagnostiserade och behandlade men patienten fortfarande har ont. |
Abstract_Wolf_2006.pdf
(22.67Kb)
| Reliability, validity, incidence and impact of temporomandibular pain... | |
| Nilsson, I-M (2007) |
DOCTORAL THESIS |
| English abstract: | The first aim of this thesis was to investigate the prevalence of temporomandibular disorder (TMD) pain in adolescents in a Swedish county and whether there were differences in patient age and gender and in treatment given for TMD pain by dentists in Public Dental Service (PDS) clinics. The epidemiological variable TMD-S was introduced in the PDS in Östergötland County, Sweden, in 2000 and is recorded for all adolescents aged 12–19 at the annual routine examination. Self-reported TMD pain in this investigation was based upon the response of the subjects to two questions: (1) Do you have pain in your temples, face, temporomandibular joint, or jaws once a week or more? and (2) Do you have pain when you open your mouth wide or chew, once a week or more? Dental records of 200 patients with TMD pain were randomly selected from the population to evaluate treatment given for TMD. Among 28,899 participating adolescents, 4.2% reported TMD pain. Prevalence increased with age, a significant difference was seen between boys and girls, and 34% of patients with TMD pain received TMD-related treatment in dental clinics. The second aim was to evaluate the reliability and validity of self-reported TMD pain in 120 adolescents, 60 with self-reported TMD pain and 60 age- and sex-matched controls without TMD pain. All adolescents were examined twice at a PDS clinic. At the first examination, self-reported TMD pain was recorded for each patient. At the second examination, a clinical examination was made blind to the patients’ self-report of pain symptoms, after which self-reported TMD pain was again recorded. The clinical examination was based upon the Research Diagnostic Criteria for TMD (RDC/TMD). Test-retest reliability of 0.83 (kappa) was found for the two questions. Sensitivity was 0.98 and specificity 0.90 for assessments made on the same day and 0.96 and 0.83, respectively, for assessments made 2–4 weeks apart. The third aim was to evaluate incidence, by age and gender, and temporal patterns of TMD pain in adolescents. This 3-year longitudinal study was carried out at all PDS clinics from 2000 to 2003. All individuals aged 12–19 years in the county who visited the clinics for annual examinations were eligible for the study. Overall, the annual incidence of TMD pain among 2,255 participating adolescents was 2.9%. Incidence among girls (4.5%) was significantly higher than in boys (1.3%). Incidence increased with age in girls and boys, although less so in boys. These adolescents were re-examined annually for 3 years, and a fluctuating pattern of TMD pain was common. The fourth and final aim was to investigate gender and age differences in pain behavior, jaw function, and psychosocial status in adolescents with self-reported TMD pain. A postal questionnaire was sent to 350 consecutive patients with self-reported TMD pain and 350 healthy age- and sex-matched individuals aged 12–19 years 2–4 weeks after their annual dental examination. The groups were divided into younger (age 12–15) and older (age 16–19) groups. The TMD and control groups differed significantly in most variables related to pain characteristics and psychosocial and behavioral factors. Multiple pain sites were significantly more common in the TMD than in the control group, but there were no gender differences. For adolescents reporting pain once a week or more, no gender differences were seen in pain intensities. Jaw function limitation, depression scores, and perceived need for TMD treatment were significantly higher overall in girls than in boys. Almost one-third of older girls, compared to one out of ten older boys, reported school absences and analgesic consumption because of their TMD pain. Older girls had significantly higher Graded Chronic Pain Scale scores than older boys. In conclusion, TMD pain increases with increasing age in adolescents and is more common in girls than in boys. A fluctuating pain pattern can be seen. TMD-S, with two self-report questions, has very good reliability and validity, and can be recommended for screening adolescents for TMD pain. TMD pain seems to have a greater impact on girls than boys, particularly in ages 16–19 years. |
| Swedish abstract: | Tidigare epidemiologiska studier har visat att temporomandibulär dysfunktion (TMD), dvs smärt- och dysfunktionstillstånd lokaliserade till ansikte och käkar är vanligt förekommande hos barn och ungdomar. För att ge möjlighet till screening infördes i Östergötland en ny epidemiologisk variabel, TMD-S (TMD-smärta), som från år 2000 registreras på alla barn och ungdomar i åldrarna 12 - 19 i samband med den årliga undersökningen i Folktandvården. De får frågorna: ”Gör det ont i tinning, ansikte, käke, eller käkled en gång i veckan eller oftare?” och ”Gör det ont när du gapar eller tuggar, en gång i veckan eller oftare?”. Om en eller båda frågorna besvaras med ja, registreras det i journalen som TMD-S = 1. Besvaras frågorna med nej registreras TMD-S = 0. Avhandlingen omfattar fyra delarbeten där det övergripande syftet varit att studera tillförlitligheten av själv-rapporterad TMD smärta hos ungdomar. Vidare var syftet att utvärdera prevalens (förekomst) och incidens (nyinsjuknande) av TMD smärta, samt vad smärtan får för konsekvenser för dem som drabbas. Förekomsten av TMD-smärta hos ungdomar var 4,2%. Det var signifikant vanligare hos flickor än pojkar och ökade med stigande ålder. En genomgång av 200 journalkopior visade att 29% av ungdomar med TMD-smärta fick någon form av behandling inom allmäntandvården. De vanligaste behandlingarna var bettskena, 12%, följt av information 10%. Av ungdomarna med TMD-smärta remitterades 5% till specialisttandvården. Betyder självrapporterad TMD-smärta att man har en smärtdiagnos? I det andra delarbetet undersöktes tillförlitligheten, dvs. reliabilitet och validitet, hos den epidemiologiska variabeln. 120 ungdomar, 60 med själv-rapporterad TMD-smärta och 60 kontrollpatienter deltog i studien. En klinisk undersökning visade att de flesta ungdomarna i TMD-gruppen hade en diagnos enligt Research Diagnostic Criteria for TMD, (RDC/TMD), vanligast var muskelrelaterad (myofasciell) smärta. Majoriteten av ungdomarna angav att de hade ett subjektivt behov av behandling. Ungdomarna följdes longitudinellt och för åren 2001-2003 var det sammanlagda årliga nyinsjuknandet 2,9% bland de 2.255 ungdomar som undersöktes och registrerades varje år. Det var signifikant högre för flickorna, än för pojkarna. Incidensen ökade med stigande ålder, dock mest för flickorna. Man kunde också se ett mönster där TMD-smärtan fluktuerade över tiden. För att utvärdera skillnader i smärtbeteende, käkfunktion och psykosocialt status skickades ett frågeformulär till 350 konsekutiva patienter med TMD-smärta i åldrarna 12-19 år och 350 kontrollpatienter. Resultaten visade att ungdomarna i TMD-gruppen oftare hade återkommande smärta på flera ställen i kroppen. Flickor över lag rapporterade signifikant mer begränsningar i käkfunktionen, hade högre depressionspoäng och ett större subjektivt vårdbehov än pojkar. Nästan en tredjedel av de äldsta flickorna, jämfört en av tio av de äldre pojkarna rapporterade skolfrånvaro och analgetikakonsumtion p.g.a. TMD smärta. Sammanfattningsvis visar studierna att TMD-smärta är vanligare hos flickor än pojkar, och ökar med stigande ålder. Smärtan visar ett fluktuerande mönster och av dem som har mest återkommande och ihållande besvär är de allra flesta flickor. TMD-smärta tycks påverka beteende – och psykosociala faktorer i högre grad hos flickor än pojkar. De två screeningfrågorna kan med god tillförlitlighet användas för att fånga upp de ungdomar med TMD-smärta som önskar hjälp. |
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