Utskrift från Malmö högskola - mah.se
Browsing Student Essays / Globala politiska studier by Title
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Browsing Student Essays / Globala politiska studier by Title
Now showing items 1-20 of 26
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Access to an asylum process 
Flood, Hanna : Malmö högskola/Kultur och samhälle (2012) bachelor
STUDENT ESSAY
English abstract: This study examines the asylum process in Europe from the perspective of unaccompanied refugee children affected by the Dublin Regulation. The aim is to explore whether these children get access to a legally certain asylum process in the Common European Asylum System by comparing the experiences of the children with legal documents, directives and guidelines on how the procedure should be implemented. The study has been conducted as a multiple case study where information has been collected from previous research, published stories and reports, news articles, legal documents and an interview with a representative from a local network supporting asylum seekers living in clandestinity. The study uses the theory of Hannah Arendt regarding the right to have rights, examining whether the children’s experiences of the asylum process in Europe compared to legal documents show signs of them being excluded from a legally certain process and what that may mean for their human rights to be implemented and protected. International human rights law states that children, and especially unaccompanied refugee children shall always receive special protection due to their vulnerable status and the European Union should guarantee a legally certain asylum procedure for all refugees in all member states. This study illuminates difficulties for unaccompanied refugee children affected by the Dublin Regulation to get access to a legally certain asylum process in Europe and in accordance with the theory of Arendt their functional statelessness tend to exclude them from getting human rights, advocated as universal, fulfilled. 
Access to an asylum process.pdf
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AFGHANISTAN COMPLEX SITUATION AND ITS IMPLICATIONS ON PAKISTAN
Hassan, Talal : Malmö högskola/Centrum för teknikstudier (2009) STUDENT ESSAY
English abstract: The aim of this thesis to high lights the Afghanistan complex situation and its implications on Pakistan. Though out the history, Afghanistan complex situation and weak government create a security threat for Pakistan. Since the late 1970s Afghanistan had suffered brutal civil war in addition to foreign interventions in the form of the 1979 Soviet invasion and the 2001 U.S. invasion. Pakistan is significantly and directly affected by the foreign invasion in Afghanistan. Pakistan is facing a variety of security threats; an internal threat, an Indian threat, and the threat from Afghanistan. In order to comprehend Pakistan's security dilemma, it is necessary to start our discussion with analyze the Afghanistan geographically importance, foreign intervention in Afghanistan, pak-afghan relation, Pakistan’s foreign policies towards Afghanistan, the resistance movement and refugee problems, and then evaluate the security situation. Admittedly, the India factor cannot be ignored in studying Pakistan's security dilemma.
final thesis.pdf
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Al-Shabaab in Sweden: Perceptions of an Islamist extremist organization
Fahlander, Patric : Malmö högskola/Kultur och samhälle (2011) bachelor
STUDENT ESSAY
English abstract: Al-Shabaab is a Somalia-based Islamist organization. They militarily oppose the transitional Government of Somalia and constitute a threat to peace and stability in the area. An important part of the support from Shabaab comes from diasporic communities, whereas Sweden is one country from where fighters have been recruited. This thesis provides a description of the organization and its terrorist nature. By using small stories called narratives, collected from Somalis in Malmö, and comparing these stories to the grand narrative of Al-Shabaab in Sweden given by The Security Service, the thesis provides a description of how Al-Shabaab is understood in Sweden. -
An Analysis of the Amnesty Policy of Nigerian Government on Niger Del...
Unabia, Oliver Chidi (2011) 1-year master
STUDENT ESSAY
English abstract: Oil producing communities of Nigeria known as Niger Delta region has been a region characterized with fierce violent conflict for more than a decade. The conflict is between successive Nigerian Governments and their collaborating oil companies, and militant groups from the region. And the core issues in the conflict are the socio-economic deprivations and denial of resource control which were occasioned by corporate malfeasance and indifference of successive Nigerian Governments to the plight, demands and aspirations of the people of the region. The Nigerian Government who first aggravated the violent conflict in the region through the use of violent repression as an anti-protest measure however proposed an amnesty policy in June 2009 as a non-violent measure to address the crisis in the region. The policy aimed solely at disarming, rehabilitating and reintegrating the militants into the Nigerian state. The implementation of the policy brought a relative peace to the long troubled region for the first time, with the seeming compliance of the militants. This study however argues that the policy has no feasibility of ensuring a genuine and lasting peace in the long troubled region because its focus is not on the root cause of the crisis. Thus it argues that addressing the issue of human rights whose lack is the root cause of the crisis and whose provision has always been demands and the aspirations of the people will instead engender a genuine and lasting peace in the region. -
Can nationalism be justified as a tool for human organization in a gl...
Henderson, Guy : Malmö högskola/Kultur och samhälle (2010) 1-year master
STUDENT ESSAY
English abstract: The goal of the thesis is to provide a critique of nationalism and its effect on international relations. It is also to look at alternatives to nationalism as human forms of organization and to see if they are viable. The main theories employed here are those of realism, which is tied to theories of nationalism, and cosmopolitanism. There are references to other theories but realism and cosmopolitanism are the basis of the main theoretical discussion. The theory of cosmopolitanism is also linked to the theory of social constructivism, which is an important part of the dissertation’s argument. The thesis follows the format of a critical literature review. It uses the already large amount of literature on nationalism and its alternatives for its sources. The thesis will posit that nationalism plays a more negative role in today’s international affairs than positive. However, it contains elements which are positive also and some of the reasons for the behavior linked to nationalism are accepted as parts of human nature. The thesis also looks at alternative forms of human organisation. It posits that there are and have been alternatives to nationalism. Although many of the alternatives have their own pitfalls or appear unrealistic in the present time, they are nonetheless accepted as something to be worked on or worked towards. The thesis supports moves towards more global governance and the promotion of cosmopolitan notions of coexistence. The thesis also posits that an acceptance of human particularism must be incorporated into any projects to foster more global cooperation. Hence, projects for more international harmony must redefine how interests are defined and how peace and security are reached as opposed to merely basing future forms of human organization on ethics alone.
Guy Henderson.pdf
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Constructive Nonviolent Action in Israel
Bach, Caroline : Malmö högskola/Kultur och samhälle (2010) 1-year master
STUDENT ESSAY
English abstract: This study is dedicated to exploring the different types of, and motives for constructive nonviolent action that in direct connection to the ongoing conflict in Israel and Palestine are being implemented by young Israelis. The initiative is based on the belief that hope, recognition and support is highly important for the effectiveness of constructive nonviolent action, by an interest to explore the existing and functioning methods of constructive nonviolent action in an ongoing conflict area and by the will to show the specific conflict in Israel and Palestine from a perspective of positive initiatives taken by active youth. Through in-depth qualitative semi-structured interviews, the perceptions, thoughts and motives that these individuals hold concerning their actions, the reasons to why they are active and the influence that they believe their work might have on the wider society has been explored. Discoursive analysis has been implemented in order to gain a deeper understanding of these narratives and the results found provided an interesting insight into the scene of constructive nonviolent action in Israel as well as a multifaceted diversity within the sample of participants. These results can be used to present an illustration of the complexity of the current political situation in Israel, as well as an example of the many different methods and types of constructive nonviolent action that these young active Israelis choose to engage in.
Caroline Bach - Master Thesis2.pdf
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Ensamkommande asylsökande barns rättigheter
Avdic, Elma; Dobraj, Gentijana : Malmö högskola/Hälsa och samhälle (2010) bachelor
STUDENT ESSAY
English abstract: The number of unaccompanied and separated children have dramatically grown in recent years and therefore become a controversial subject in Swedish foreign politics. It is every States responsibility to take care of these unaccompanied children on a good and valuable way. In this study we therefore deal with these childrens rights that they are in title of by the UN:s convention of the right of the child and by the council directive 2003/9/EC laying down minimum standards for the reception of asylum seekers. The rights that are discussed are those rights that are relevant in relation to the unaccompanied asylum seeking children such as the principal about non-discrimination, the principal about the childs best interest, the right to be heard, the right to healthcare as well as the right to education. Furthermore these rights are compared to the Swedish legislation for the purpose to determine how Sweden meet their international commitments. Swedish abstract: Inströmningen av de ensamkommande asylsökande barnen har ökat radikalt de senaste åren och har därför blivit ett kontroversiellt ämne i svensk flyktingspolitik. Det är varje stats ansvar att omhänderta dessa ensamkommande barn på ett bra och värdigt sätt. I denna studie behandlas därmed dessa barns rättigheter enligt FN:s konvention om barns rättigheter, samt Rådets direktiv 2003/9/EG om miniminormer för mottagande av asylsökande i medlemsstaterna. Rättigheter som behandlas är sådana som är relevanta i förhållande till de ensamkommande asylsökande barnen såsom icke-diskrimineringsprincipen, principen om barnets bästa, rätten att höras, rätten till hälso- och sjukvård samt rätten till utbildning. Vidare jämförs dessa rättigheter med den svenska lagstiftningen för att fastställa hur Sverige förhåller sig till sina internationella åtaganden. -
En hjälpande eller stjälpande hand?
Andersson, Elenore : Malmö högskola/Kultur och samhälle (2011) bachelor
STUDENT ESSAY
English abstract: This study aims to find out if the humanitarian intervention in Somalia, during the years 1993-1995 could be seen as humanitarian or not, according to the theory of solidarity, created by Nicholas J Wheeler. First it will be investigated if UNSOM II fits into the criterias of the theory of solidarity and thereafter it will be explained why. Results from the above investigation will give a better picture of the UNSOM II case and help to explain factors that might matter if a humanitarian intervention is judged humanitarian. The materials used in this essay are evaluations and reports from the mandate years published by the United Nations, Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch. This study found that UNSOM II was not a humanitarian intervention in relation to the theory of solidarity, considering the lack of proportional violence during the hunt for Aydid. Also, the result made by the operation was not enough to be valued as humanitarian. Some lessons learned from the operation might though be useful, in other regions in the world. Swedish abstract: Denna studie ämnar ta reda på om den humanitära interventionen i Somalia, mellan åren 1993-1995 kan anses vara humanitär eller inte, enligt Nicholas J Wheelers solidaritetsteori. Först undersöks om UNSOM II passar in i solidaritetsteorin kriterier och därefter förklaras varför. Resultat från ovanstående undersökning kommer att ge en bättre bild av UNSOM II och hjälpa till med att förklara faktorer som kan spela roll om en humanitär intervention benämns humanitär. Materialet som används i denna uppsats är utvärderingar och rapporter från åren, publicerade av Förenta Nationerna, Amnesty International och Human Rights Watch. Denna studie fann att UNSOM II inte var humanitär i relation till solidaritetsteorin, med hänsyn till bristen av proportionerlig användning av våld under jakten på Aydid. Dessutom var de nådda resultaten inte tillräckliga för att betecknas som humanitära. Några lärdomar från operationen kan dock bli användbara i andra delar av världen. -
EUROPEAN UNION - BELARUS: A FRIENDLIER, WARMER RELATIONSHIP ? THE CA...
Baranava, Tatiana : Malmö högskola/Kultur och samhälle (2010) 1-year master
STUDENT ESSAY
English abstract: After 12 years of isolation, the relations between Brussels and Minsk have been thawing starting in the last year. One of the components of the policy of re-engagement is the new initiative adopted by the EU called Eastern Partnership (EaP). This thesis sought to answer following question: what were the main reasons for the change in the EU policy towards Belarus after 2008? In order to answer the research question I formulated two hypotheses. The first hypothesis argues that while the EU has acted according to the normative power expectations up until 2008, after that date a more pragmatic approach in the foreign policy has been at work. The second hypothesis explains this change by the increasing influence of Eastern European countries in realm of decision-making processes within the EU, which resulted in a reformed EU foreign policy towards Belarus. These hypotheses are tested in a qualitative case study of the launching of the Eastern Partnership initiative, seen as the most important instrument that defines the new policy of EU. I will focus on the process of decision–making in regards to the adoption of the new initiative towards the Eastern European countries, using the rational actor model and the theory of formal leadership. The results of the paper point out that the main reason for changing the EU foreign policy towards Belarus were connected to pragmatic interests in the economic and energy areas, which weakened the EU normative claims. However, EU values are still counted as political conditionality has recently re-entered the agenda. Thus, the current foreign policy is two-fold: based on rational model of acting and normative power. Moreover, the EaP is the result of the strengthened position of Eastern European countries in terms of the power hierarchy among EU members, with Poland, and the Baltic States playing an increasingly larger role.
Baranava Tatiana Masters-1.pdf
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Honour Killings In Pakistan: Under Theoretical, Legal and Religious P...
Zia Ullah, Muhammad : Malmö högskola/Kultur och samhälle (2010) 1-year master
STUDENT ESSAY
English abstract: This research sets out to examine the main excuses, often mentioned in connection to the so-called “honour killings” in Pakistan. In this way, the aim is to discuss the idea of “honour killings” by looking at trends and patterns in this kind of homicides in Pakistan. This study also explores what legal and judicial obstacles stand in the way of putting an end to the abuse of killing women in the name of honour. The first part is mainly theoretical and analytical. In this part a set of concepts is theorized as the notion of patriarchy, public/private division and cultural globalization. These theories test the empirical data of “honour killing” in the last decade and try to find their role in the society of Pakistan. This study also analyzes the “honour killing” cases in a different way by telling stories. Second part contributes to the research regarding Islam the official religion of Pakistan. This section mainly concerns the status of women in Islam and their rights of life and free will to choose their spouses. This study also tries to remove the misconception in the minds of the West regarding Islamic teachings towards women. This study proceeds mainly under the qualitative method with the supplementary help of quantitative method. At the end, the thesis bears some finding under the abductive technique. The results show that the tested theories have a significant role in upholding the ancient practice of “honour killings” in Pakistan, and Qur’aanic and Prophetic Islam has no link with the abuse of “honour killing” in general. It is ancient tribal phenomena that have entered in some cultural norms of the society. -
Hur arbetar Sverige som stat för att motarbeta trafficking? Sett från...
Krumlinde, Ebba : Malmö högskola/Kultur och samhälle (2009) bachelor
STUDENT ESSAY
English abstract: Considering that trafficking for sexual purpose is a highly active and increasing crime is the purpose of this essay to enlighten how Sweden as a state is working both nationally and internationally to prevent further trafficking. To be able to do as broad evaluation as possible of the Swedish government’s work has the theory been sociology of law, because this theory is combined of legal, social, ethical and society aspects. And since it is a state’s work that is reviewed has the method been evaluating because the purpose of the essay has been to review the adequacy and efficiency of Sweden’s work. As a part of this has a lot of the empirical focus been laid upon the mechanisms behind trafficking, such as what kind of groups that are making a living on selling another person’s body, how the Swedish prostitution law is drawn and how the Swedish authorities are approaching the problem. Swedish abstract: Då trafficking för sexuella ändamål är ett brott mot mänskligheten som pågår i outtröttlig styrka vill den här uppsatsen belysa hur Sverige som stat arbetar för att motarbeta trafficking både internationellt och nationellt. För att kunna göra en så bred bedömning som möjligt av svenska statens arbete har teorin varit en rättsociologisk då den tar upp både lagliga, samhälleliga, etiska och sociala aspekter. Och då det är en stats arbete som granskas har metoden som använts varit utvärderande då uppsatsen velat lyfta fram hur lämpligheten men även effektiviteten av Sveriges arbete är. Som en del av detta har mycket av empirins fokus lagts på de bakomliggande mekanismerna så som vilka grupper som livnär sig på att sälja andra personers kroppar, hur den svenska sexköpslagen är utformad och hur de svenska myndigheterna arbetar med problematiken.
c- uppsats klar och redigerad 2010.pdf
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Kurdish minority rights: What’s the problem represented to be?
Hagberg, Anna; Horodinca, Antonia; Hedelund, Simone; Hillerup, Ida : Malmö högskola/Kultur och samhälle (2013) STUDENT ESSAY
English abstract: The purpose of this study was to investigate statements made by the leader of the Kurdistan Workers Party (the PKK), Abdullah Öcalan. The selection of material and scope were motivated by a rhetorical shift of strategy of the historically violent PKK, proposing cooperation as a solution to the suppression of the Kurdish minority within the Turkish nation-state. Investigation of the statements was done using Carol Bacchi’s “What’s the problem represented to be?” approach. It was chosen as both methodological frame and theoretical approach. The primary objective is to interrogate problem representations. The “WPR approach” constitutes a reflective research practice enabling critical assessment of what presuppositions and assumptions constitute a particular problem representation. Critically investigating a problem representation and its proposed solution resulted in an advanced understanding of the conflict between the Kurdish minority and the Turkish nation-state. What showed most interesting in the conducted study was not merely investigating this representation, but rather unraveling its underlying and supportive components such as presuppositions, assumptions, dichotomies and categorisations. A central finding was the discovery of what was left unproblematic and silenced in this particular problem representation. -
Legalizing Torture in Terror Interrogations: A Solution to Fight Terr...
Faraj, Omar : Malmö högskola/Kultur och samhälle (2010) 1-year master
STUDENT ESSAY
English abstract: The aim of this master thesis is to discus the argument that in the favor of legalizing torture in the case of terror suspects and detainees. My research question here is: if we will put torture against terror suspects in a legal framework will that help us to fight terrorism or it will creates more instability in the world and result in more terror acts ? I will view the history of torture and the development towards torture prevention. I used the moral theory and also the writings of Dr.Norman Finkelstein to argue against legalizing torture. I will use the Abu Ghraib prison case in Iraq as a study case. The thesis will be in three chapters. In the conclusions I will demonstrate and prove that the use of torture under any circumstances is against morality and against international human rights law. The use of torture as a tool to fight terrorism is not the solution but it will lead to more chaos and hate in the world, innocent torture victims can be easily used after their release by terror and radical groups, authorizing a law that allows torture will make normal citizens afraid all the time because any person can accused of being a terrorist until the government proves he is not.
Master Thesis.tmp
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Literature review on Precedent law of the European Court on Human Rig...
Seyranov, Khamis : Malmö högskola/Centrum för teknikstudier (2010) STUDENT ESSAY
English abstract: This review is an attempt to analyze the published materials on precedent law of the European Court on Human Rights. The article analyzes the case law activity by the European Court on Human Rights, its influences on national legal systems. The precedent law of the European Court on Human Rights is one of the complicated issues, because there is not general theoretical view on it. The precedent law of the Court is developing and gains new features. The Court uses its previous consequences in previous decisions on a subsequent case as a precedent norm. The Court creates a case law system that influences legal reforms in national legal order.
LITERATURE REVIEW Khamis.pdf
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Performing spaces; Structures of Control and Claims of Rights in site...
Kullving, Linus : Malmö högskola/Kultur och samhälle (2011) 1-year master
STUDENT ESSAY
English abstract: In dialogue with Critical perspectives in the field of Forced migration, this thesis aims to explore the spaces of „irregularity‟ regarding unaccompanied minors living non-status in the city of Malmö. With a theoretical departure in the ontological ideas of Hanna Arendt and Giorgio Agamben, the perspective of the Autonomy of Migration, and the concepts of „Acts of Citizenship‟, the thesis argues that these spaces are structured by multiple mechanisms of control, such as deportability, racism, poverty and precarity. In addition, the thesis investigates how these structures of control are contested by the minors. As the „irregular‟ subject in its presence challenges the Nation-state „order‟, the study argues that all her or his acts must be interpreted as confrontations. Hence the study aims to highlight the claims of rights and freedoms performed, not only by the minors themselves but also by the social networks surrounding them. The research is built upon fieldwork with non-status minors, asylum rights activists and semi-grass root actors in the spring of 2011 in the city of Malmö. Influenced by Methodological and Epistemological perspectives of Critical Ethnography and Action Research, the thesis also contains a normative requisite to deconstruct and question hegemonies and marginalizing structures.
Kullving, Linus MA Thesis in HR.pdf
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Possibilities and Constraints Facing the International Cooperation in...
Zakaria, Mohamad : Malmö högskola/Kultur och samhälle (2010) 1-year master
STUDENT ESSAY
English abstract: This thesis analysis the problems facing the negotiators during their international efforts to create global climate change regimes. Without understanding why such negotiations failed in the past, it is difficult to learn how to negotiate them successfully in the future. The US and China are responsible for emitting almost half of the greenhouse emissions to the atmosphere. However, they are still laggards in the efforts to create an effective global climate change regime and are running away from their global responsibility by blaming each other for the failure to reach a global climate change deal. The EU has been taking the leadership in efforts to negotiate global climate change regimes. However, they can not influence and force the main two hegemonic powers to follow their leadership. This is because the EU is not hegemony in the global political arena. The EU persistence to find compromises during negotiations for future global climate change regimes is a source of hope to humankind. Flexibility during negotiations, openness to consider the views of other global actors to find optimum solutions, and the understanding that no one is secure from the threats of climate change are essential to bring the world leaders into a compromise global climate change regime. -
RE-VISIONING MARXISM IN WORLD POLITICS: A CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF WALLE...
Kilembe, Busekese : Malmö högskola/Kultur och samhälle (2010) 1-year master
STUDENT ESSAY
English abstract: This thesis purports to critically analyze Wallerstien’s world-systems theory, to test its strengths and weaknesses and establish its reliability as a world politics theory, thereby reviving Marxism in general. The study employs a qualitative research method to go deep into the underlying logic of the theory. In an endeavor to tackle the matter at hand, five criteria of analysis are employed to examine the merits and demerits in specific areas of the theory. This involves looking at the structure of the theory, the period of the emergence of capitalism, the unit of analysis, the coherence of the arguments and processes of the theory and the reliability of the world-systems theory in contemporary world politics. The main conclusion of the study is that the world-systems theory is reliable when used to explain three themes in world politics. These are global inequality, dependency and sovereignty. -
Rättstrygghet för asylsökande. Förvarsbeslut enligt Utlänningslagen
Mpambara, Innocent : Malmö högskola/Kultur och samhälle (2010) bachelor
STUDENT ESSAY
English abstract: According to UNHCR, the use of detention against asylum seekers is inherently undesirable and should therefore be avoided. However, detention of asylum seekers may in exceptional cases be resorted to, if it is clearly provided for in national legislation in conformity with general norms and principles of international human rights law. The reasons for this is to create legal safeguards against arbitrary treatment and as much as possible to create also a safe position for aliens (prop. 1975/76 p. 67). This essay traces the principles of non-discrimination and prohibition of arbitrariness which provides the basis for the protection of asylum seekers in international human rights law and tries to find how these principles are applied in the Swedish Aliens Act (UtlL 2005:716). In light of these principles, provisions in chapter 10, section 1 second paragraph, points 2 or 3 and the third paragraph UtlL 2005:716 are analyzed. In my view, provisions in that section of law likely leave much room for subjective judgments that should be of concern for asylum seekers' legal security, as long as "the alien's personal situation or other circumstances" that determine whether an alien may be detained have not been clearly specified in the Alien’s Act. Hopefully, this lack of clarity should be addressed in a new Alien’s Act, which proposes several legislative changes including the introduction of a new provision that contains the considerations to be made to determine if there is a risk of absconding and that there is then reason that the alien should be detained (SOU 2009:60). Swedish abstract: Enligt UNHCR är användningen av frihetsberövande av asylsökande icke önskvärd och bör alltid undvikas. Dock bör asylsökande i undantagsfall tas i förvar om det tydligt föreskrivs i nationell lagstiftning som är i överensstämmelse med allmänna normer och principer i internationell lagstiftning om mänskliga rättigheter. Skälen till detta är att skapa rättsliga garantier mot godtycklig behandling och att i största utsträckning skapa en säker ställning åt utlänningar (prop. 1975/76 s. 67). Uppsatsen spårar principer om icke-diskriminering och förbud mot godtycke som utgör grunden för skydd av asylsökande i den internationella lagstiftningen om mänskliga rättigheter och försöker hitta hur dessa principer tillämpas på den svenska Utlänningslagen (UtlL 2005:716). Mot bakgrund av dessa principer analyseras bestämmelserna i kap.10, 1§ andra stycket punkt 2 eller 3 och tredje stycket som jag anser lämnar stort utrymme för subjektiva bedömningar som bör vara till skada för asylsökandes rättstrygghet, så länge som "utlänningens personliga förhållanden eller övriga omständigheter" som avgör om en utlänning får hållas i förvar enligt detta lagrums bestämmelse inte tydligt specificeras. Förhoppningsvis kommer denna brist att behandlas i en ny utlänningslag där det föreslås flera lagändringar, inklusive införandet av en ny bestämmelse i utlänningslagen (2005:716) som innehåller de överväganden som skall göras för att avgöra om det finns risk för avvikande och att det då föreligger anledning att utlänningen tas i förvar (SOU 2009:60).
C_uppsats_MR 61-90.pdf
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Svenskt bistånd som ett biopolitiskt verktyg: En teoribekräftande dis...
Fredenman, Ljubomir Love : Malmö högskola/Kultur och samhälle (2012) 1-year master
STUDENT ESSAY
English abstract: This one-year master’s thesis is a theory-confirming case-study on strategy reports from the Swedish humanitarian aid organization Sida. Its aim is to test Professor Mark Duffield’s theory, which suggests that humanitarian aid is a biopolitical instrument that is used by Western liberal nations in order to contain and control populations in the under-developed world. The theoretical framework is built on Duffield’s nine theoretical statements that are also used as analysis instruments in this study. The method that is used is discourse analysis and it has worked well together with the theoretical tools that are used for the analysis. The main finding is that Sida in its practice is acting as the biopolitical instrument in such way that Duffield suggests. His theorizations are hence considered to be confirmed. My analysis shows that there are gaps between Sida’s strategy plans that are conducted in order to democratize the peoples of the under-developed countries, and the under-developed people’s own will to be represented as subjects to the Western World’s dominance and educative trusteeships. Keywords: Biopolitics, development, discourse, humanitarian aid, liberalism, security Swedish abstract: Denna magisteruppsats bekräftar Mark Duffields teori om att liberala länder från västvärlden använder humanitärt bistånd som ett biopolitiskt verktyg. Detta gör de i syfte att kapsla in och kontrollera överflödsbefolkningar i den underutvecklade världen så att de inte kan utgöra ett hot mot den egna säkerheten. Uppsatsen är en teoribekräftande fallstudie som med analysdiskurs som metod undersöker Sidas egna strategirapporter på tio afrikanska länder, vilka är mottagare av det svenska biståndet. Studiens teoretiska ramverk bygger på nio begreppsdefinitioner, vilka även ligger till grund för Duffields egen forskning på det studerade fenomenet. Tillsammans med diskursanalysen bildar detta teoretiska ramverk ett kraftfullt analysinstrument som har fungerat väl i analysen av Sidas strategirapporter, vilka utgör studiens empiriska urval. Förutom att bekräfta Duffields teori, synliggörs även diskrepansen mellan Sidas implementeringar av demokrati, mänskliga rättigheter och jämställdhet; och biståndsberoende befolkningarnas ovilja att adoptera värderingar som dikteras av andra än dem själva och som positionerar dem som subjekt åt västvärldens uppfostrande förmyndarskap. -
Tahrir Sq. Location and Goal: On Changes in the Liberal Political Dis...
Heinrich, Isaac : Malmö högskola/Kultur och samhälle (2012) bachelor
STUDENT ESSAY
English abstract: Liberal Arab thought has long been fighting for elbow room in the political discourse in Egypt. The ruling nationalist–statist ideology from Nasser to Mubarak is renown for its repression of political dissidents, and the Islamist opposition often side with the ruling elite in its resistance against liberal reformers and democratization. Political liberalism is associated with a host of professional and personal risks and many are silenced. The Arab Spring revolutions across the MENA from December 2010 throughout the spring of 2011, however, seem to have revived the interest for liberal ideas in the Arab world. This thesis investigates the impact of the Arab Spring on the liberal Arab discourse in Egypt. It asks whether the revolution has lead to increased opportunities for liberal Arabs to voice their opinions, and how the tone of the public debate has been affected. A discourse analytical research method is used to scrutinize thirty opinion pieces from two major Egyptian newspapers in the timeframe November 2010–September 2011, on eight sample days. The work also considers 115 articles published after the revolution on the sample days to monitor the impact of the events on the public debate quantitatively. The study finds that the most salient feature after February 2011 in the op-ed material examined is the forming of the “Tahrir Square discourse,” a symbolically charged ideational entity that associates itself with liberal political rhetoric and values. It is a major influence during the stated period affecting 77% of the 115 post-revolution articles. The Tahrir Square discourse is an expression of a more permissive climate for voicing liberal and reform-friendly opinions, the thesis concludes. The empirical material exhibits more profuse mentioning of and advocacy for these values after the revolution. The tenor and rhetorical mode vary greatly in the studied articles; despite this, a broad support for the revolution itself is present. The study, however, is reluctant as to the permanence of these changes.
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